Table 2

Individual case analysis of linguistic profiles in AD with primary progressive aphasia variants

Common featuresPPA variantsAD patients
No aphasiaLPAFluency errorsIsolated reduced syntactic complexityReduced syntactic complexity
PNFASDLPAAD3AD5AD10AD12AD14AD16AD2AD4AD18AD1AD6AD7AD8AD9AD17AD11AD13AD15
QPA variables
 Speech production
  Speech rate (wpm)++++++++++
  Distortions (phw)+++
  Phonological paraphasias (phw)++++++
 Fluency errors
  False starts++++++++++
  Filled pauses++++++++++++++
  Repaired sequences++++++++
  Incomplete sentences++++++
 Lexical content
  Increased closed class words (proportion)+
  Decreased closed class words (proportion)+
  Increased pronouns (proportion)+++++++++++
  Decreased pronouns (proportion)+
  Increased verbs (proportion)+++++++++
  Decreased verbs (proportion)+-+
 Syntactic complexity
  Mean length of utterance+
  Words in sentences (proportion)++++++++++++++++++++
  Syntactic errors (phw)+++++++++++++++++++++
  Increased nouns with determiners (proportion)++
  Decreased nouns with determiners (proportion)++++++++
  Increased verbs with inflections (proportion)+
  Decreased verbs with inflections (proportion)+++++++++
  Increased embeddings (phw)+++++
  Decreased embeddings (phw)+
  • no impairment (within 1.5 SD of the control mean); + mild impairment (1.5 SD below control mean); ++ moderate impairment (2 SD below control mean); +++ severe impairment (2.5 SD below control mean).

  • Primary progressive aphasia data adapted from Wilson et al.9

  • AD, Alzheimer’s disease; LPA, logopenic/phonological progressive aphasia; PNFA, progressive non-fluent aphasia; PPA, primary progressive aphasia; phw, per hundred words; QPA, quantitative production analysis; SD, semantic dementia; wpm, words per minute.