Table 2

Associations between characteristics at injury and outcome at 12–14 years, as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended (n=121)

	N	GOSE at 12–14 year follow-up (%)
	N	Dead	Lower SD	Upper SD	Lower MD	Upper MD	Lower GR	Upper GR
Age at injury
≤40 years	71	12.7	5.6	2.8	29.6	2.8	22.5	23.9
>40 years	50	50	10	12	4	4	8	12
Gender
Male	100	27	8	5	20	4	17	19
Female	21	33.3	4.8	14.3	14.3	0	14.3	19
Initial severity (GCS)
Mild (13–15)	77	22.1	9.1	7.8	19.5	5.2	16.9	19.5
Moderate (9–12)	24	37.5	4.2	4.2	12.5	0	20.8	20.8
Severe (<9)	18	38.9	5.6	5.6	27.8	0	5.6	16.7
Missing	2	50	0	0	0	0	50	0
Previous head injury
No	63	28.6	6.3	7.9	23.8	1.6	12.7	19.0
Yes	40	27.5	7.5	7.5	15	5	22.5	15
Missing	18	27.8	11.1	0	11.1	5.6	16.7	27.8
Previous physical limitation
No	85	17.6	3.5	8.2	24.7	4.7	18.8	22.4
Yes	23	56.5	17.4	4.3	4.3	0	8.7	8.7
Missing	13	46.2	15.4	0	7.7	0	15.4	15.4
Previous other brain illness^*
No	94	28.7	4.3	5.3	22.3	3.2	18.1	18.1
Yes	15	26.7	20	20	6.7	6.7	6.7	13.3
Missing	12	25.0	16.7	0	8.3	0	16.7	33.3
Excessive alcohol use
No	55	20.0	5.5	5.5	25.5	1.8	20.0	21.8
Yes	51	39.2	7.8	9.8	11.8	5.9	9.8	15.7
Missing	15	20.0	13.3	0	20.0	0	26.7	20.0
Social deprivation
Lower deprivation (≤7)	67	26.9	9	10.4	16.4	3	13.4	20.9
Higher deprivation (>7)	40	25	7.5	0	25	5	20	17.5
Missing	14	42.9	0	7.1	14.3	0	21.4	14.3

↵* Mental problems, stroke or other conditions requiring medical attention.
GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended; GR good recovery; MD moderate disability; SD, severe disability.