Table 4

Clinical and treatment variables: patients withdrawn from DA due to ICD (n=42)

	DAWS+ (n=13)	DAWS− (n=29)	p Value
Clinical variables
Age at PD onset	51.8 (7.2) (42–67)	49.9 (9.5) (30–69)	0.47^†
PD duration at withdrawal (years)	9.1 (5.5) (3–19)	9.4 (5.7) (1–21)	0.91^‡
Age at withdrawal	60.7 (6.7) (46–70)	59.3 (10.5) (42–84)	0.65^†
Gender (% male)	69%	82%	0.32^*
UPDSR-III score at withdrawal	19 (5.3) (8–27)	21 (9.9) (7–47)	0.65^‡
Marital status (%)	82%	82%	0.98^*
Smoking history (%)	45%	14%	0.03^*
Smoking at withdrawal (%)	9%	7%	0.86^*
ICD before PD	8%	7%	0.68^*
Illicit drug use before PD	8%	3%	0.52^*
ICD duration before withdrawal (months)	12.3 (13.1)	12.6 (14.1)	0.9^†
ICD with previous DA (%)	17%	57%	0.09^*
Treatment variables
LD-LEDD at DA withdrawal	842 (470) (300–1800)	491 (423) (0–1600)	0.02^‡
Levodopa treatment duration at withdrawal	5.3 (4.5) (1–13)	6.8 (6.3) (0–21)	0.88^‡
DA-LEDD at DA withdrawal	239 (142) (60–480)	289 (152) (40–600)	0.37^‡
Total LEDD at withdrawal	1051 (507) (300–1900)	780 (503) (40–2100)	0.11^‡
DA treatment duration (years)	4.9 (3.3) (0.25–12)	4.7 (4.1) (0.3–17)	0.56^‡
Cumulative DA-LEDD (dose × years)	1335 (1124) (15–3525)	1296 (1217) (40–4404)	0.78^‡
DA-LEDD withdrawn/week	61 (55) (9–200)	53.4 (54.3) (8–225)	0.76^‡

Results are given as mean (SD), (range) unless otherwise indicate.
↵* χ² or Fisher's exact test.
↵† t Test.
↵‡ Mann–Whitney U test.
Missing data: Marital status: DAWS+, 2; DAWS−, 1. UPDRS-III: DAWS+, 3; DAWS−, 3. Smoking history: DAWS+, 2, DAWS−, 1. Smoking at withdrawal: DAWS+, 2; DAWS−, 2. Speed of withdrawal (DA-LEDD/week): DAWS+, 1; DAWS−, 5; ICD duration at withdrawal: DAWS+, 1; DAWS−, 1.
DA, dopamine agonist; DAWS, dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome; ICD, impulse control disorder; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; PD, Parkinson's disease; UPDRS, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.