Clinical and treatment variables: comparison between DAWS+ and DAWS− patients
| Clinical variables | DAWS+ (n=13) | DAWS− (n=71) | p Value |
| Age at PD onset | 51.8 (7.2) (42–67) | 52.6 (10.9) (28–79) | 0.73† |
| PD duration at withdrawal | 9.1 (5.4)(3–19) | 10 (6.2) (1–30) | 0.72‡ |
| Age at withdrawal | 60.7 (6.7) (46–70) | 62.7 (11.2) (37–92) | 0.55† |
| Gender (% male) | 69% | 75% | 0.68* |
| Marital status (% married) | 82% | 81% | 0.95* |
| UPDRS-III score at withdrawal | 19 (5.3) (8–27) | 23.7 (10.7) (6–50) | 0.18‡ |
| Smoking history (%) | 45% | 22% | 0.10* |
| Smoking at withdrawal | 7.6% | 6% | 0.7* |
| ICD before PD (%) | 8% | 3% | 0.4* |
| Illicit drug use before PD (%) | 8% | 3% | 0.4* |
| Treatment variables | DAWS+ | DAWS− | p Value |
| LD-LEDD at DA | 842 (470) (300–1800) | 625 (540) (0–2000) | 0.11‡ |
| Levodopa years of treatment at DA withdrawal | 5.3 (4.5) (1–13) | 7 (6.4) (0–26) | 0.7‡ |
| DA-LEDD at DA withdrawal | 239 (142) (60–480) | 215 (145) (40–600) | 0.47‡ |
| Total LEDD at withdrawal | 1051 (507) (300–1900) | 841 (563) (40–2450) | 0.13‡ |
| Cumulative DA-LEDD (dose × years) | 1335 (1124) (15–3525) | 949 (1136) (15–4612) | 0.08‡ |
| DA treatment duration (years) | 4.9 (3.3) (0.25–12) | 3.9 (3.5) (0.25–17) | 0.15‡ |
Results are given as: mean (SD), (range), unless otherwise indicated.
↵* χ2/Fisher's exact test.
↵† t Test.
↵‡ Mann–Whitney U test.
Missing data: Marital status: DAWS+, 2; DAWS−, 2. UPDRS-III: DAWS+, 3; DAWS−, 9. Smoking history: DAWS+, 2, DAWS−, 4. Smoking at withdrawal: DAWS+, 2; DAWS−, 5.
DA, dopamine agonist; DAWS, dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome; ICD, impulse control disorder; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; PD, Parkinson's disease; UPDRS, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.