Factors associated with atypical language in epilepsy
| Predictor | Proportion of patients with predictor with atypical language representation |
| Handedness | |
| Left-handedness | 30%–70%7 15 27–30 |
| Right-handedness | 4%–26%7 15 27–30 |
| Lesion location | |
| Left hemisphere | 31%–38%27 31 |
| Right hemisphere | 7%–24%27 31 |
| Left frontal or temporal lobe | 32%–54%32 33 |
| Left hippocampus | 19%–43%29 34 35 |
| Pathology | |
| Stroke | 100%18 30 36 |
| Hippocampal sclerosis | 19%–43%29 33–35 37 |
| Non-lesional epilepsy | 30%–36%18 30 31 |
| Small focal lesions, such as tumours, arteriovenous malformation, cortical dysplasia | 13%–30%18 30 33 34 |
| Epileptic activity | |
| High frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges | No percentages reported |
| NB: Not associated with seizure frequency, occurrence of generalised seizures, or duration of epilepsy | |
| Age at onset | |
| Young age at initial injury | 36%–100%1 32 35 36 |
| Young age at epilepsy onset | 36%–51%1 27 30 31 35 38 |