Clinical features of patients from this series
| Case | Gender/age of onset (years) | Phenomenology of the movements | Noise production or vocalisations | Volitional suppression of tic-like movements | Premonitory sensation | Associated MDs and other psychosomatic manifestations | Pharmacological treatment and outcome* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F/20 | Repetitive bilateral shoulder elevation with ipsilateral head inclination | No | No | Rare (inner tension, non-localised) | Pseudoseizures, right side body tremor, blurry vision | Levetiracetam: partial and transitory improvement |
| 2 | M/16 | Repetitive torticollis, retrocollis and left hemifacial contractions | Sniffing | No | No | Pseudoseizures | Risperidone: no improvement |
| 3 | F/22 | Repetitive, alternating, stereotyped back and forth shoulder movements | No | No | No | Bizarre dystonic trunk movements | None |
| 4 | F/22 | Facial grimacing, nose, neck and hand twitching. Piano playing movements | Humming and episodes of echolalia | No | Rare (urge, localised to the moving body segment) | Pseudoseizures, stuttering, dystonic postures, ballistic arm movements | Haloperidol, amantadine: no improvement |
| 5 | M/23 | Repetitive left upper lip and submandibular muscle contractions | No | No | No | Psychogenic gait disorder | Clonidine: no improvement. Risperidone: partial improvement |
| 6 | F/42 | Tongue protrusion and complex stereotyped circular mouth movements | Cough | Partial | No | Stereotypic arm movements only with walking | Risperidone, haloperidol and tetrabenazine: no improvement |
| 7 | F/47 | Eye blinking with eye brown elevation, facial grimacing | No | No | No | Left torticollis, hand tremor, chorea, dystonia | L-DOPA, baclofen: no improvement |
| 8 | M/66 | Facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging | No | No | No | Severe right arm and leg tremor; left torticollis, left arm dystonia | Baclofen, BoNT injections: no improvement. Tetrabenazine: worsened movements |
| 9 | M/49 | Facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging | No | No | No | Head and hand tremor | Pramipexole: no improvement |
*Treatments were mostly administered in other centres.
BoNT, botulinum toxin; F, female; L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; M, male; MD, movement disorder.