Non-motor symptoms in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD-non-RBD) and Parkinson's disease and probable REM sleep behaviour disorder (PD-RBD)
| PD-non-RBD (n=251) | PD-RBD (n=224) | Adjusted difference in means* (PD-RBD—PD-non-RBD) (95% CI) | p Value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous measures | |||||
| Sniffin Smell Test | 7.5±3.0 | 7.0±2.9 | −0.51 (−1.06 to 0.04) | 0.07 | |
| Orthostatic systolic BP drop, mm Hg | 4.7±16.4 | 9.3±16.7 | 4.58 (1.60 to 7.56) | 0.003 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 8.1±5.5 | 10.9±7.3 | 2.84 (1.61 to 4.07) | <0.001 | |
| MMSE | 27.5±2.1 | 27.1±2.4 | −0.44 (−0.83 to −0.05)† | 0.03† | |
| MoCA | 24.8±3.5 | 24.2±3.7 | −0.42 (−1.05 to 0.21)† | 0.2† | |
| Fluency | Phonemic | 38.8±14.0 | 38.7±14.1 | 0.02 (−2.51 to 2.55) | 1.0 |
| Semantic | 35.4±9.1 | 34.1±9.2 | −1.16 (−2.71 to 0.39) | 0.14 | |
| Binary measures | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | ||||
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale >9, % | 38.3 | 55.8 | 2.03 (1.35 to 3.07) | 0.001 | |
| <1 Bowel motion/day, % | 38.2 | 47.0 | 1.48 (1.01, 2.17)‡ | 0.043‡ | |
| QUIP, % | Gambling | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.84 (0.19 to 3.63) | 0.8 |
| Sex | 2.9 | 5.9 | 1.90 (0.71 to 5.05) | 0.2 | |
| Buying | 3.7 | 6.5 | 1.58 (0.64 to 3.90) | 0.3 | |
| Eating | 5.3 | 8.1 | 1.63 (0.76 to 3.50) | 0.2 | |
| Hobbyism | 11.7 | 15.3 | 1.26 (0.71 to 2.22) | 0.4 | |
| Punding | 3.7 | 8.1 | 2.27 (0.98 to 5.27) | 0.05 | |
| Walkabout | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.48 (0.24 to 9.14) | 0.7 | |
| Medication use | 2.1 | 2.7 | 1.32 (0.38 to 4.55) | 0.7 | |
| UPDRS I, % | Cognitive impairment | 30.8 | 47.3 | 1.93 (1.33 to 2.81) | 0.001 |
| Hallucinations | 8.8 | 19.2 | 2.39 (1.35 to 4.21) | 0.002 | |
| Depressed mood | 16.4 | 26.8 | 1.99 (1.27 to 3.13) | 0.003 | |
| Anxious mood | 27.9 | 35.3 | 1.51 (1.02 to 2.23) | 0.05 | |
| Apathy | 13.5 | 22.8 | 1.93 (1.19 to 3.16) | 0.008 | |
| Features of DDS | 2.4 | 5.8 | 2.46 (0.91 to 6.68) | 0.08 | |
| Sleep problems | 63.2 | 82.3 | 2.72 (1.77, 4.18) | <0.001 | |
| Daytime sleepiness | 77.5 | 84.5 | 1.57 (0.96 to 2.56) | 0.07 | |
| Pain | 76.8 | 85.0 | 1.77 (1.08 to 2.89) | 0.02 | |
| Urinary problems | 59.6 | 70.0 | 1.65 (1.11 to 2.44) | 0.01 | |
| Constipation | 40.7 | 58.8 | 2.10 (1.44 to 3.04) | <0.001 | |
| Light headedness on standing | 35.7 | 52.5 | 1.97 (1.36 to 2.86) | <0.001 | |
| Fatigue | 69.5 | 76.5 | 1.40 (0.93 to 2.12) | 0.1 | |
*Adjusted for age, sex, disease duration and smoking history.
†Adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, smoking history and years of education.
‡Adjusted for age, sex, disease duration and laxative use.
BP, blood pressure; DDS, Dopamine dysregulation syndrome; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QUIP, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.