Clinical, demographic and neuropsychological variables of the two groups at baseline
| Medical treatment group | STN-DBS group | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical assessment | |||
| N subjects | 16 | 19 | |
| Age at surgical selection (years) | 60.87±5.81 (47–68) | 60.11±5.62 (49–68) | 0.578 |
| Disease duration at surgical selection (years) | 11.06±2.93 (8–19) | 12.94±2.15 (9–16) | 0.217 |
| Motor fluctuations duration at surgical selection (years) | 3.09±1.54 (2–6) | 4.09±1.28 (1–7) | 0.243 |
| Follow-up duration (years) | 6.03±1.67 (4–11) | 6.22±2.21 (4–10) | 0.364 |
| LEDD at time of surgical selection (mg) | 1252.73±430.02 (670–2160) | 1120±328.79 (425–1500) | 0.314 |
| UPDRS-I | 2.28±1.29 (0–4) | 1.55±0.88 (0–6) | 0.128 |
| UPDRS-II ‘ON’ | 7.50±5.72 (1–19) | 6.00±4.61 (1–22) | 0.728 |
| UPDRS-II ‘OFF’ | 17.09±7.02 (6.5–26) | 21.00±5.35 (10–29) | 0.186 |
| UPDRS-III ‘ON’ | 19.31±8.12 (10–35) | 14.79±4.40 (5–21.5) | 0.208 |
| UPDRS-III ‘OFF’ | 40.16±10.92 (20–62) | 44.37±8.09 (34.5–64) | 0.236 |
| UPDRS-IV | 6.78±3.84 (2–13) | 8.30±2.51 (3–13) | 0.212 |
| UPDRS-V ‘ON’ | 2.34±0.40 (2–3) | 2.17±0.38 (1.5–2.5) | 0.343 |
| UPDRS-V ‘OFF’ | 3.41±0.49 (3–4) | 3.26±0.77 (2.5–5) | 0.323 |
| UPDRS-VI ‘ON’ | 90.94±8.60% (70%–100%) | 92.37±8.72% (70%–100%) | 0.554 |
| UPDRS-VI ‘OFF’ | 63.75±15.00% (30%–80%) | 53.89±15.21% (20%–80%) | 0.234 |
| Item 32 (dyskinesia duration) | 1.41±0.99 (0–3) | 1.80±0.89 (0.5–3) | 0.258 |
| Item 33 (dyskinesia severity) | 0.91±1.00 (0–3) | 1.42±0.93 (0–2.5) | 0.114 |
| Item 39 (% of waking day spent in ‘OFF’) | 1.62±0.87 (0.5–3) | 1.25±0.49 (0.5–2) | 0.247 |
| Axial ‘OFF’ subscore | 2.91±0.93 (0.8–4.1) | 3.20±0.67 (1–3.9) | 0.584 |
| Tremor ‘OFF’ subscore | 2.02±1.81 (0–5) | 2.70±1.96 (0–5) | 0.181 |
| Bradikynesia ‘OFF’ subscore | 3.23±1.1 (1.2–4.8) | 3.73±0.74 (1.4–4.6) | 0.419 |
| Axial ‘ON’ subscore | 1.50±0.72 (0.5–3.3) | 1.39±0.45 (0.6–2.6) | 0.292 |
| Tremor ‘ON’ subscore | 0.87±0.99 (0–3) | 0.97±0.45 (0–3) | 0.307 |
| Bradikynesia ‘ON’ subscore | 1.36±0.93 (0.5–2.9) | 1.25±0.67 (0.6–2.4) | 0.467 |
| Neuropsychological assessment | |||
| Reasoning | |||
| Raven colour matrices—PM47 | 26.5±4.3 (16–33.4) | 28.8±3.1 (22–34) | 0.109 |
| Memory | |||
| Bi-syllabic words rep. test | 4.3±0.8 (3–6) | 4.3±0.7 (3–5) | 0.691 |
| Corsi's block tapping test | 4.6±1.0 (3–7) | 4.3±0.8 (2–5) | 0.885 |
| Paired associate learning | 9.4±3.3 (3–17) | 11.3±3.6 (4.5–18) | 0.344 |
| Attentional-executive functions | |||
| Trail Making B | 281.6±191.8 (101–605) | 2399±98.3 (100–475) | 0.769 |
| Nelson MCST categories | 4.9±1.3 (2–6) | 5.5±1.1 (2–6) | 0.101 |
| Nelson MCST perseverations | 2.1±2.4 (0–9) | 1.4±2.3 (0–8) | 0.211 |
| Language | |||
| Phonemic verbal fluency | 34.7±17.1 (4–67) | 44.3±17.7 (11–75) | 0.082 |
| Category verbal fluency | 18.2±4.3 (8.5–27.5) | 18.4±4.6 (12–26.25) | 0.987 |
| Mood | |||
| Beck Depression Inventory | 17.2±11.9 (0–47) | 13±6.8 (4–26) | 0.254 |
| Anxiety | |||
| State Trait Anxiety Inventory—STAI-X1 | 46.4±11.2 (20–60) | 44.5±9.7 (32–65) | 0.345 |
| STAI-X2 | 45.4±11.6 (23–61) | 45.3±8.1 (28–59) | 0.666 |
LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; STN-DBS, subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.