Laboratory findings | n/N (%) | Neuroimaging | n/N (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Blood | MRI | ||
ESR elevation | 78/104 (75.0) | Thickening of the cranial dura mater | 141/156 (90.4) |
WBC increase | 63/146 (43.2) | Gd enhancement of cranial dura | 124/139 (89.2) |
CRP elevation | 110/149 (73.8) | Thickening of the spinal dura mater | 21/54 (38.9) |
ANA elevation | 20/118 (16.9) | Gd enhancement of spinal dura | 17/20 (85.0) |
MPO-ANCA positivity | 33/119 (27.7) | Gallium scintigraphy | |
PR3-ANCA positivity | 14/111 (12.6) | Increased uptake | 22/50 (44.0) |
IgG4 elevation | 7/27 (25.9) | SPECT | |
STS | 2/122 (1.6) | Hypoperfusion | 7/29 (24.1) |
Anti-HTLV-1 Ab | 1/50 (2.0) | Hyperperfusion | 3/29 (10.3) |
ADA elevation | 3/28 (10.7) | PET | |
ACE elevation | 1/56 (1.8) | Positive accumulation | 2/17 (11.8) |
CSF | Pathological findings of dura mater | n/N (%) | |
Pleocytosis | 71/116 (61.2) | Fibrosis | 43/52 (82.7) |
Protein elevation | 115/119 (99.6) | Infiltration of inflammatory cells | 47/52 (90.4) |
TPLA positivity | 0/7 (0.0) | Angiitis | 4/52 (7.7) |
ADA elevation | 2/22 (9.1) | Granuloma | 15/52 (28.8) |
Necrosis | 8/52 (15.4) | ||
Oedema | 5/52 (9.6) | ||
IgG4-positive plasma cells | 11/42 (26.2) |
Ab, antibody; ADA, adenosine deaminase; ANA, antinuclear antibody; CRP, C-reactive protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Gd, gadolinium; HTLV-1, human T-lymphotrophic virus type I; MPO-ANCA, myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; PET, positron emission tomography; PR3-ANCA, proteinase-3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; SPECT, single photon emission CT; STS, serologic test for syphilis; TPLA, treponema pallidum latex agglutination; WBC, white blood cells.