Characteristics and correlates of depression subscale categories in HD mutation carriers
| Univariate analyses | Multivariate logistic regression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=1153) | Mild (n=586) | Moderate to severe (n=254) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Sex, male | 635 (55.1)* | 277 (47.3)† | 107 (42.1)† | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.54 to 1.02) | 0.06 |
| Age, years (OR per 10 years) | 50.5±12.6 | 50.0±11.8 | 50.5±11.7 | 0.70 | 1.03 (0.90 to 1.18) | 0.68 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| CAG repeats, number | 44.7±4.32 | 44.5±4.25 | 44.1±4.07 | 0.12 | ||
| Duration of disease, years | 5.9 (3.2–9.9) | 5.9 (3.5–9.6) | 6.2 (3.5–10.6) | 0.53 | ||
| TMS, points | 35.3±20.3 | 36.2±19.3 | 33.3±19.1 | 0.16 | ||
| TFC, points | 9 (6–12)* | 8 (5–11)† | 8 (5–11)† | 0.004 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 0.26 |
| Psychiatric history | ||||||
| Depression | 416 (36.1)* | 359 (61.3)† | 209 (82.3)‡ | <0.001 | 5.57 (3.80 to 8.16) | <0.001 |
| OCBs | 71 (6.2)* | 79 (13.5)† | 52 (20.5)‡ | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.38 to 3.42) | 0.001 |
| Psychosis | 70 (6.1) | 47 (8.0) | 21 (8.3) | 0.21 | ||
| Suicide attempt | 52 (4.5)* | 62 (10.6)† | 40 (15.7)‡ | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.21 to 3.32) | 0.01 |
| Psychotropic medication use | ||||||
| Benzodiazepines | 144 (12.9)* | 125 (22.2)† | 69 (28.9)‡ | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.20 to 2.62) | 0.004 |
| Antidepressants | 324 (29.3)* | 234 (41.8)† | 134 (54.9)‡ | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.01 to 1.99) | 0.046 |
| Antipsychotics | 354 (31.8)* | 214 (37.9)† | 111 (44.9)† | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.80 to 1.61) | 0.49 |
| Mood stabilisers/antiepileptics | 70 (6.1) | 50 (8.7) | 24 (9.5) | 0.06 | ||
Bold represents the values with p <0.05.
Univariate analyses: Data are presented as n (%), mean (±SD) or median (IQR) when appropriate.
p Values by χ2 tests for categorical data, by one-way between-groups analysis of variance for independent samples with normal distribution, or non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables without normal distributions. Values in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05).
Multivariate analyses: OR, 95% CI and p value by binary logistic regression.
Logistic regression analysis (enter model) for ‘moderate to severe depression’ (n=229) versus ‘no depression’ (ie, reference: n=1065) (113 missings due to missing values (no start and stop date) for use of psychotropics). Covariates logistic regression analysis: All variables with p value <0.05 in the univariate analysis were entered (Total Functional Capacity (TFC), depression in past, obsessive/compulsive behaviours (OCBs) in past, suicide attempt in past, use of benzodiazepines, use of antidepressants, use of antipsychotics), while sex and age were forced into the multivariate model.
HD, Huntington's disease; TMS, Total Motor Score.