Underlying causes of catatonia (other than schizophrenia and mood disorder)
| Infections |
| Typhoid fever |
| Neurocysticercosis |
| Prion disease |
| Viral encephalitis |
| Subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis |
| Neurosyphilis |
| Autoimmune and inflammatory |
| Systemic lupus erythymatosis or antiphospholipid syndrome* |
| Anti-NMDAR encephalitis* |
| Paraneoplastic encephalitis |
| Multiple sclerosis |
| Cardiovascular |
| Takotsubo cardiomyopathy |
| Renal |
| Renal failure in dementia with Lewy body disease |
| Metabolic |
| Wilson's disease |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia |
| Glucose-6phosphate deficiency |
| Neurodegenerative disorders |
| Westphal variant of Huntington's disease |
| Parkinson's disease |
| Familial frontotemporal dementia |
| CNS |
| Posterior reversible encephalopathy |
| Subdural hematoma |
| Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis |
| Stroke |
| Hematology |
| Pernicious anemia |
| Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Psychiatric |
| Autism* |
| Alcohol withdrawal |
| Medications |
| Venlafaxine-associated hyponatraemia |
| Pegylated interferon-α 2b and ribavirin for hepatitis C |
| Lorazepam withdrawal |
| Paliperidone palmitate |
| Dexamethasone |
| Zolpidem withdrawal |
| Temazepam withdrawal |
| Quinolones |
| Clozapine withdrawal* |
| Manganese neurotoxicity |
| Clonazepam/benzodiazepine withdrawal |
| Ziprasidone |
| Lithium toxicity |
| Tramadol and meperidine |
| Azithromycin |
| Levetiracetam |
| Efavirenz |
| Surgical causes |
| Liver or kidney transplantation* |
| Renal transplant |
| Temporal lobectomy |
| Deep brain stimulation surgery |
| Burns |
| Trauma |
| Other causes |
| Cyber bulling |
| Deprivation, abuse or trauma in pediatric population |
| Pregnancy or postpartum |
| Down syndrome |
| Wasp sting |
*Most frequently reported causes of catatonia.
Anti-NMDAR, anti-N-Methyl-d-aspartate; CNS, central nervous system.