Mimics of dystonia in children and adolescents
| Type of dystonia | Mimics |
|---|---|
| Mimics of facial dystonia | Tics Stereotypies Functional |
| Mimics of cervical dystonia (head tilt) | Tics Stereotypies Trochlear nerve palsy Vestibulopathy Spasmus nutans Acquired nystagmus Congenital muscular torticollis Sternocleidomastoid injuries Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy Posterior fossa tumours Tumours in the pineal region Chiari malformation Atlanto axial subluxation (eg, syndrome of Grisel) Cervical tumours (in cervical cord, bone or soft tissue) Upper spinal cord syringomyelia Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Sandifer syndrome Klippel-Feil syndrome Functional |
| Mimics of trunk dystonia | Scoliosis Stiff person syndrome Functional |
| Mimics of limb dystonia (posturing) | Overflow movements in toddlers (normal developmental movements) Stereotypies Shoulder subluxation Dystonic (tonic) tics Myotonia Neuromyotonia Cramp Satoyoshi syndrome Rigidity Spasticity Focal tonic seizures Spasms (hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, alkalosis) Deafferentation (pseudoathetosis) Functional |
| Mimics of generalised dystonia | Self-stimulation Opisthotonus Stiff person syndrome Functional |