Dietary cholesterol and monounsaturated fatty acids in relation to risk of Parkinson's disease, The Singapore Chinese Health Study 1993–2010
| Total | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy-adjusted intake by quartile | Cases | HR (95% CI) | Cases | HR (95% CI) | Cases | HR (95% CI) |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | ||||||
| Whole cohort | ||||||
| 1st (<130.7) | 130 | 1.00 | 82 | 1.00 | 48 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (130.7–166.5) | 115 | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.25) | 56 | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.25) | 59 | 1.10 (0.74 to 1.64) |
| 3rd (166.5–206.4) | 91 | 0.85 (0.63 to 1.15) | 44 | 0.73 (0.49 to 1.10 | 47 | 1.05 (0.67 to 1.63) |
| 4th (>206.4) | 75 | 0.79 (0.57 to 1.11) | 36 | 0.53 (0.33 to 0.84) | 39 | 1.29 (0.78 to 2.12) |
| P for trend | 0.13 | 0.006 | 0.41 | |||
| More than 4 years of follow-up | ||||||
| 1st (<130.7) | 107 | 1.00 | 66 | 1.00 | 41 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (130.7–166.5) | 86 | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.13) | 41 | 0.77 (0.51 to 1.15) | 45 | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.46) |
| 3rd (166.5–206.4) | 77 | 0.82 (0.59 to 1.13) | 39 | 0.75 (0.49 to 1.17) | 38 | 0.92 (0.57 to 1.50) |
| 4th (>206.4) | 60 | 0.70 (0.48 to 1.02) | 30 | 0.50 (0.30 to 0.84) | 30 | 1.06 (0.61 to 1.85) |
| P for trend | 0.07 | 0.012 | 0.91 | |||
| Monounsaturated fat (g/day) | ||||||
| Whole cohort | ||||||
| 1st (<12.8) | 116 | 1.00 | 69 | 1.00 | 47 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (12.8–14.9) | 121 | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.51) | 63 | 1.46 (0.98 to 2.16) | 58 | 0.80 (0.52 to 1.23) |
| 3rd (14.9–17.0) | 102 | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.51) | 45 | 1.32 (0.80 to 2.19) | 57 | 0.75 (0.44 to 1.28) |
| 4th (>17.0) | 72 | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.33) | 41 | 1.40 (0.76 to 2.57) | 31 | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.88) |
| P for trend | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.033 | |||
| More than 4 years of follow-up | ||||||
| 1st (<12.8) | 88 | 1.00 | 51 | 1.00 | 37 | 1.00 |
| 2nd (12.8–14.9) | 97 | 1.18 (0.85 to 1.65) | 51 | 1.58 (1.01 to 2.47) | 46 | 0.79 (0.49 to 1.29) |
| 3rd (14.9–17.0) | 86 | 1.16 (0.77 to 1.74) | 41 | 1.62 (0.93 to 2.81) | 45 | 0.73 (0.40 to 1.33) |
| 4th (>17.0) | 59 | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.50) | 33 | 1.53 (0.77 to 3.04) | 26 | 0.46 (0.21 to 0.98) |
| P for trend | 0.68 | 0.26 | 0.058 | |||
Adjusted for age at recruitment (years), year of interview (1993–1995, 1996–1998), gender (whole cohort analysis), dialect group (Cantonese, Hokkien) and level of education (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or higher), body mass index (<20, 20–<24, 24–<28, 28+ kg/m2), cigarette smoking (never, former, current), black tea intake (non/monthly, weekly, daily), caffeine intake (mg/1000 kcal/day), and energy-adjusted dietary intakes of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (all in quartiles).