This table shows results from a systematic review of studies on active paradigms of consciousness testing in VS and MCS (n≥20 patients)
| Source | Site | Modality | Design | Clinical rating | Serial testing | Task | N (VS, MCS) | Aetiology TBI, CVA, anoxia, other | Command following |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bekinschtein et al56 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | fMRI | Single (p) | CRS-R | No | Motor imaginary | 24 (24, 0 | ns | 2/24 VS |
| Monti et al34 | Cambridge, UK | fMRI | Single (p) | CRS-R | No | Speech | 24 (8, 16) | 16 TBI, 12 non-TBI | 3/8 VS; 6/16 MCS |
| Monti et al21 | Cambridge, UK; Liège, Belgium | fMRI | 2 centres (p) | CRS-R | No | Motor, spatial imagery | 54 (23, 31) | 32, 3, 15, 4 | 2/23 VS, 3/31 MCS |
| Stender et al33 | Liège, Belgium | fMRI | Single (p) | CRS-R | No | Motor, spatial imagery | 70 (28, 42) | ns | 3/28 VS, 19/42 MCS |
| Chennu et al53 54 | Cambridge, UK | fMRI | Single (p) | CRS-R | No | Motor imaginary | 32 (13, 19) | 23, 0, 9, 0 | 4/13 VS, 11/19 MCS |
| Forgacs et al43 | New York, New York, USA | fMRI | Single (p) | CRS-R | Limited | Motor, spatial imagery | 20 (6, 14) | 13, 3, 3, 1 | 0/6 VS, 3/14 MCS |
| Cruse et al48 49 | Cambridge, UK; Liège, Belgium | EEG | 2 centres (p) | CRS-R | No | Motor imaginary | 39 (16, 23) | 20 TBI, 19 non-TBI | 3/16 VS, 5/23 MCS |
| Faugeras et al7 11 | Paris, France | EEG | Single (p) | CRS-R | Limited | Auditory (local-global) | 41 (22, 19) | 11, 14, 17, 7 | 2/22 VS, 4/19 MCS |
| King et al39 40 | Paris, France | EEG | Single (p) | CRS-R | Limited | Auditory (local-global) | 95 (56, 39) | 20, 33, 30, 21 | 9/56 VS, 9/39 MCS |
| Kotchoubey et al37 | Tübingen, DE | EEG | Single (p) | DRS | No | Speech | 88 (50, 38) | 31, 27, 27, 3 | 11/50 VS, 10/38 MCS |
| Rohaut et al27 | Paris, France | EEG | Single (p) | CRS-R | No | Auditory (local-global) | 29 (15, 14) | 7, 9, 8, 5 | 0/15 VS, 5/14 MCS |
| Schnakers et al28 | Liège, Belgium | EEG | Single (p) | CRS-R | No | Speech | 22 (8, 14) | 10, 2, 8, 2 | 0/8 VS, 9/14 MCS |
For studies with n<20, please see online supplementary table S1.
CRS-R, Coma Recovery Scale-Revised; CVA, cerebrovascular accident (including cerebral infarction, parenchymal haemorrhage, subarachnoid bleeding); ns—not specified; DRS, Disability Rating Scale; fMRI, functional MRI; MCS, minimal conscious state; P, prospective; TBI, traumatic brain injury; VS, vegetative state.