Demographics and clinical performance
| PPMS | RRMS | SPMS | All patients | Healthy controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females/males | 14/11 | 20/10 | 14/11 | 48/32 | 18/12 |
| Age (years)* | 52.5 (9.8) | 42.5 (9.6) | 52.8 (7.6) | 48.8 (10.2) | 37.8 (11.8) |
| Disease duration (years)† | 12.0 (7.4) | 11.5 (10.5) | 24.0 (8.2) | 15.6 (10.5) | – |
| DMT (number of patients) | 1 | 20 | 7 | 28 | – |
| Pychotropic drugs (number of patients) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 24 | – |
| Benzodiazepines (number of patients) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | – |
| Median EDSS (range)‡ | 6.0 (0.0–6.5) | 1.75 (1.0–6.5) | 6.5 (4.5–8.5) | 5.75 (0.0–8.5) | – |
| HADS depression§ | 6.40 (3.59) | 5.83 (3.56) | 7.12 (3.69) | 6.41 (0.40) | 2.87 (3.50) |
| HADS anxiety | 6.08 (4.33) | 6.93 (3.31) | 7.16 (4.18) | 6.74 (0.44) | 5.77 (4.41) |
| z PASAT | −0.70 (1.38) | −0.69 (1.32) | −0.94 (1.12) | −0.77 (1.27) | 0.12 (1.05) |
| z 9HPT | −1.00 (1.13) | −0.66 (0.65) | −1.16 (0.90) | −0.93 (0.92) | 0.63 (0.61) |
| z 25TWT | 0.32 (0.97) | 0.00 (1.03) | 0.56 (1.01) | 0.24 (1.02) | −0.44 (0.08) |
| Composite z MSFC | −0.62 (0.81) | −0.41 (0.76) | −0.77 (0.66) | −0.56 (0.76) | – |
| Hayling | 4.80 (2.02) | 5.17 (2.09) | 4.64 (2.43) | 4.89 (2.16) | 6.17 (1.76) |
| Stroop | 174.4 (76.7) | 135.83 (36.9) | 174.58 (80.9) | 158.59 (66.7) | 109.80 (20.0) |
| SDMT | 43.44 (11.91) | 52.33 (9.88) | 41.09 (10.45) | 46.23 (11.71 | 63.10 (9.91) |
| Composite z executive¶ | −1.58 (1.69) | −0.71 (1.09) | −1.51 (1.55) | −1.23 (1.48) | 0.23 (0.69) |
| Story recall immediate | 30.04 (10.96) | 33.97 (11.35) | 27.76 (11.44) | 30.80 (11.42) | 37.13 (10.35) |
| Story recall delay | 27.20 (12.29) | 31.57 (10.93) | 24.80 (12.22) | 28.09 (11.97) | 34.90 (10.31) |
| Figure recall immediate | 51.09 (15.41) | 62.20 (11.14) | 51.57 (16.17) | 55.80 (14.86) | 67.67 (11.94) |
| Figure recall delay | 48.73 (15.84) | 60.07 (11.22) | 48.67 (14.83) | 53.37 (14.72) | 66.30 (12.06) |
| RMT Words | 46.17 (3.63) | 47.60 (2.43) | 45.61 (3.69) | 46.56 (3.31) | 49.00 (1.26) |
| RMT Faces | 40.21 (5.27) | 42.33 (4.23) | 37.43 (5.53) | 40.21 (5.31) | 44.27 (3.20) |
| Composite z memory** | −1.30 (1.15) | −0.55 (0.89) | −1.63 (1.27) | −1.13 (1.18) | 0.00 (0.58) |
Mean values are presented and values in parentheses are SDs, unless specified otherwise. Clinical scores presented in bold are used in image analyses to study different domains of clinical function.
*Patients with RRMS were significantly younger than patients with PPMS and SPMS (both p<0.001).
†Patients with SPMS had longer disease duration than patients with RRMS and SPMS (both p<0.001).
‡All MS subgroups differed significantly (all p<0.05).
§All MS subgroups differed in their levels of depression from controls (all p<0.05), but not between each other.
¶Patients performed worse than healthy controls (p<0.01).
**Controls performed than patients (p<0.01). Patients with RRMS performance was better than patients with PPMS, who in turn performed better than the SPMS subgroup (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).
9HPT, 9-hole Peg Test; MS, multiple sclerosis; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; PPMS, progressive primary multiple sclerosis; RRMS, relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; 25TWT, 25-foot Timed Walk Test.