Author (year) | Number of participants in the following groups | Imaging ligand(s) | Neuroanatomical areas with significantly increased inflammation in dementia group relative to controls | Other findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Groom (1995) | Controls: 1 AD: 8 Small unilateral gliomas: 7 | (11C)(R)PK11195 (18F)FDG | None | None reported |
Cagnin (2001) | Controls: 15 AD: 8 MCI: 1 | 11C(R)PK11195 18FFDG | Inferior and middle temporal gyri, fusiform gyri, left parahippocampal gyrus, left amygdala, left posterior cingulate, inferior parietal lobes, putamen and right pallidum in AD relative to controls. Fusiform gyri, inferior temporal gyri and left parahippocampus in MCI relative to controls | Increase inflammation in the left inferior temporal lobe discriminated AD relative to controls with a sensitivity of 75% and no false categorisations of controls. Areas with high inflammation showed the highest rate of atrophy over 12–24 months in AD |
Versijpt (2003) | Controls: 9 AD: 10 | 123IPK11195 99mTc-ECD | Prefrontal cortices, lateral frontal cortices, left orbitofrontal cortex, right mesotemporal cortex | Specific regionally increased inflammation was associated with specific cognitive impairments eg, picture recognition task and right superior frontal cortex, orientation task and left lateral frontal, right superior frontal and left parietal cortex, verbal fluency and left parietal inferior cortex |
Cagnin (2004) | Controls: 8 FTLD: 5 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Putamen, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right hippocampus, right parahippocampus | None reported |
Kropholler (2005) | Controls: 6 AD: 2 MCI: 5 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Intervention and control groups not statistically compared in article for this purpose | None reported |
Anderson (2007) | Controls: 12 AD: 4 Huntington's: 11 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Intervention and control groups not statistically compared in article for this purpose | None reported |
Kropholler (2007) | Controls: 20 AD: 9 MCI: 10 | 11C(R)PK11195 | None | None reported |
Schuitemaker (2007) | Controls: 20 AD: 9 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Intervention and control groups not statistically compared in article for this purpose | None reported |
Turkheimer (2007) | Controls: 18 AD: 4 Huntington's: 3 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Intervention and control groups not statistically compared in article for this purpose | None reported |
Boellaard (2008) | Controls: 9 AD: 9 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Intervention and control groups not statistically compared in article for this purpose | None reported |
Edison (2008) | Controls: 24 AD: 13 | 11C(R)PK11195 11CPIB | Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and cingulate cortices | Inflammation in posterior cingulate gyri, parietal cortices and frontal cortices correlated with MMSE scores. Inflammation did not correlate with PiB binding |
Esposito (2008) | Controls: 9 AD: 8 | (1-11C)AA 15Owater | 78 of 90 hemispheric grey-matter regions widespread in the neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala. The only regions without increased inflammation were the caudate, pallidum, posterior cingulate, right anterior and middle cingulate, left superior occipital cortex, left superior and medial temporal poles and left thalamus ie, mainly subcortical | None reported |
Tomasi (2008) | Controls: 10 AD: 10 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Cerebellum, lateral occipital lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, frontal lobe middle frontal gyrus, posterior temporal lobe, parietal lobe, thalamus, superior parietal gyrus and occipital lobe lingual gyrus | None reported |
Yasuno (2008) | Controls: 10 AD: 10 | 11CDAA1106 | Dorsal and medial prefrontal cortices, lateral temporal cortices, parietal cortices, occipital cortices, anterior cingulate cortices, striatum and cerebellum | No correlation between MMSE and inflammation in any volume of interest |
Okello (2009) | Controls: 24 AD: 22 Amnestic MCI: 14 | 11C(R)PK11195 11CPIB | 11C-PiB-positive MCI patients had increased inflammation in frontal cortices relative to controls. Data not given for inflammation in AD relative to controls | No correlation between regional inflammation and PiB in MCI. No correlation between age of onset or MMSE score and inflammation in AD-PiB positive patients. Correlation between lower MMSE and increased inflammation in the anterior cingulate and temporal cortices in AD-PiB negative patients |
Wiley (2009) | Controls: 5 AD: 6 MCI: 6 | 11C(R)PK11195 11CPIB | None | No difference in inflammation between PiB positive or negative patients |
Gulyas (2011) | Controls: 12 AD: 6 | 11C-vincopetine | None | None reported |
Santillo (2011) | Controls: 11 AD: 9 | 11C-DED 11CPIB | Frontal, parietal, temporal and medial temporal lobes | Correlation between inflammation and PiB binding in occipital cortex |
Yokokura (2011) | Controls: 10 AD: 11 | 11C(R)PK11195 11CPIB 18FFDG | Medial frontal and parietal cortices and left temporal cortex | Negative correlation between MMSE and inflammation in the left anterior cingulate cortex, left precuneus, left hippocampus and left middle frontal cortex. Negative correlation between inflammation and PiB binding in posterior cingulate cortices |
Carter (2012) | Controls: 14 AD: 7 MCI: 8 | 11C-DED 11CPIB 18F-FDG | Frontal and parietal cortices in MCI relative to controls. Right occipital cortex in MCI PiB+ patients relative to controls/MCI PiB patients/AD. Decreased inflammation in right hippocampus in AD relative to MCI and controls | No regional correlation between the 3 PET tracers |
Yaqub (2012) | Controls: 17 AD: 8 MCI: 9 | 11C(R)PK11195 | None | None reported |
Yasuno (2012) | Controls: 10 AD: 10 MCI: 7 | 11CDAA1106 | Cerebellum, medial prefrontal cortices, parietal cortices, lateral temporal cortices, anterior cingulate cortices and striatum in MCI and AD relative to controls. No regional difference between MCI and AD | No correlation between MMSE and regional inflammation. MCI patients with global inflammation 0.5 SDs greater than the control mean developed dementia within 5 years (75% AD, 25% DLB) |
Edison (2013) | Controls: 24 PDD: 11 Parkinson's: 8 | 11C(R)PK11195 11CPIB 18FFDG | Anterior and posterior cingulate, frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital cortices and striatum in PDD relative to controls | Negative correlation between inflammation and MMSE in temperoparietal, occipital and frontal cortices |
Iannaccone (2013) | Controls: 11 DLB: 6 Parkinson's: 6 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Basal ganglia, substantia nigra, frontal lateral cortices, parietal lateral cortices, temporal lateral cortices, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, occipital medial cortices, occipital lateral cortices, temporal poles and precuneus in DLB relative to controls | None reported |
Kreisl (2013) | Controls: 13 AD: 19 MCI: 10 | 11CPBR28 11CPIB | Prefrontal cortices, sensorimotor cortices, inferior parietal cortices, superior parietal cortices, middle and inferior temporal cortices, posterior cingulate cortices, occipital cortices, hippocampi and entorhinal cortices in AD relative to controls. Differences were greatest in inferior parietal lobules, middle and inferior temporal cortices and precuneus, but no difference was seen in white matter, thalamus, striatum or cerebellum. No difference in inflammation in any region between MCI and controls | MMSE, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes, Logical Memory Intermediate (Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition), Trail Making part B and Block Design (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition) scores negatively correlated with inflammation, particularly in inferior parietal lobules, in MCI and AD. Inflammation in parietal cortex and striatum negatively correlated with age of onset in MCI and AD. Correlation between inflammation and PiB in inferior parietal lobules, superior temporal cortices, precuneus, hippocampi and parahippocampal gyri, in AD and MCI, after partial volume correction |
Schuitemaker (2013) | Controls: 21 AD: 19 MCI: 10 | 11C(R)PK11195 | Voxel-wise statistical parametric mapping showed small clusters of increased inflammation in occipital lobes in AD relative to controls. Region of interest analysis showed no significant differences in inflammation between groups (including between MCI and control patients) | No significant difference in regional inflammation between MCI patients who progressed to dementia and MCI patients who did not. Inflammation did not correlate with MMSE, New York University paragraph recall test, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test or Trail A and B tests |
Varrone (2013) | Controls: 7 AD: 9 | 18FFEDAA1106 | None | None reported |
Yoder (2013) | Controls: 18 AD: 7 MCI: 7 | 11CPBR28 | Intervention and control groups not statistically compared in article for this purpose | PBR28 binding is sensitive to TSPO genotype |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; DLB, dementia with Lewy Bodies; FTLD, frontotemporal lobar dementia; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PDD, Parkinson's disease dementia; PET, positron emission tomography.