Continuous outcome measure scores at baseline and 6-month follow-up
| Intervention group Mean (SD) | Control group Mean (SD) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Regression coefficient for group, baseline as covariate (95% CI) | Cohen's d | |
| SF36 domains | ||||||
| Physical function | 34.8 (23.7) | 51.9 (27.2) | 23.7 (19.0) | 23.2 (21.3) | 19.8 (10.2 to 29.5), p<0.001 | 0.70 |
| Physical role | 31.7 (28.9) | 47.0 (30.3) | 19.4 (21.7) | 26.8 (22.5) | 13.0 (0.8 to 25.2), p=0.037 | 0.46 |
| Bodily pain | 45.6 (33.5) | 47.4 (33.1) | 32.1 (25.3) | 33.9 (27.4) | 3.6 (−8.0 to 15.3) | 0.12 |
| General health | 47.3 (23.9) | 54.1 (28.3) | 40.7 (23.4) | 39.6 (22.6) | 9.0 (−0.1 to 18.2) | 0.34 |
| Vitality | 32.3 (21.4) | 39.2 (27.3) | 26.6 (17.6) | 28.3 (20.2) | 6.2 (−3.6 to 15.9) | 0.25 |
| Social function | 39.7 (33.2) | 56.9 (30.2) | 34.4 (29.8) | 37.0 (25.1) | 17.1 (5.0 to 29.2), p=0.007 | 0.58 |
| Role emotional | 70.1 (29.5) | 68.7 (34.5) | 61.0 (32.6) | 62.5 (35.4) | 0.1 (−15.1 to 15.4) | 0.00 |
| Mental health | 65.5 (21.1) | 67.9 (23.8) | 58.4 (23.8) | 59.3 (25.2) | 3.4 (−6.4 to 13.2) | 0.14 |
| Physical Summary score | 33.1 (11.1) | 38.7 (10.8) | 28.7 (7.9) | 29.5 (9.2) | 5.9 (2.1 to 9.7), p=0.003 | 0.54 |
| Mental Summary score | 45.2 (13.0) | 45.9 (13.6) | 42.6 (13.3) | 43.3 (14.2) | 0.9 (−4.9 to 6.8) | 0.06 |
| HADS anxiety | 6.5 (3.8) | 6.9 (4.8) | 7.7 (4.9) | 7.9 (5.6) | −0.1 (−2.1 to 2.0) | −0.02 |
| HADS depression | 5.4 (4.0) | 5.2 (3.9) | 8.0 (4.5) | 8.4 (5.0) | −1.4 (−3.2 to 0.5) | −0.30 |
| WSAS | 24.7 (7.9) | 20.2 (10.5) | 27.6 (7.5) | 26.9 (10.2) | −4.2 (−8.4 to 0.1) | −0.39 |
| Berg Balance Scale | 39.0 (13.8) | 47.7 (13.8) | 35.7 (13.2) | 37.0 (14.7) | 8.0 (2.9 to 13.1), p=0.003 | 0.53 |
| 10 m walk time* | 16.8 (10.0) | 9.6 (3.8) | 24.6 (17.3) | 19.0 (10.6) | −6.7 (−10.7 to −2.8), p=0.001 | −0.72 |
| Functional Mobility Scale | 11.7 (4.1) | 14.5 (3.5) | 10.0 (3.6) | 10.0 (3.9) | 3.4 (1.9 to 5.0), p<0.001 | 0.79 |
| DASH | 51.8 (19.6) | 39.6 (25.6) | 51.2 (15.0) | 48.1 (21.4) | −9.1 (−17.4 to −0.8), p=0.031 | −0.38 |
| B-IPQ composite score | 50.0 (10.8) | 39.4 (16.1) | 54.6 (10.6) | 51.0 (13.0) | −8.0 (−14.4 to −1.6), p=0.015 | 0.51 |
*Two outliers removed from the intervention group (baseline times of 197 and 182 s). Removing these outliers decreased the treatment effect by 1.4 s. Higher scores represent better health in the SF36, Berg Balance and Functional Mobility Scale. Higher scores represent worse health for HADS, Work and Social Adjustment, 10 m timed walk and DASH.
DASH, Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; WSAS, Work and Social Adjustment Scale.