Study and group | Radioligand | N | Age (years) | Prob to onset | CAGr | ||||
Total | Male (%) | Mean | Range | p5 years† | 90% p to onset‡ | Mean | Range | ||
D2 receptor | |||||||||
Antonini et al 40 | [11C]raclopride | ||||||||
HC | 14 | – | 30 | 21–49 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 10 | 50 | 30 | 21–41 | 0.12 | 26.7 | 43.9 | 40–47 | |
Politis et al 46 | [11C]raclopride | ||||||||
HC | 9 | 89.5 | 41.2 | 5.5* | |||||
Premanifest HD | 10 | 50 | 41.9 | 32–61 | 0.33 | 16.9 | 43.4 | 39–48 | |
van Oostrom et al 47 | [11C]raclopride | ||||||||
HC | 11 | 54 | 48.4 | 30–65 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 18 | 44 | 39.9 | 29–56 | 0.21 | 19.5 | 43 | 39–47 | |
Tang et al 51 | [11C]raclopride | ||||||||
HC | 12 | 42.5 | 50.1 | 15.6* | |||||
Premanifest HD | 12 | 46.8 | 48.3 | 11.0* | 0.33 | 10.3 | 41.6 | 1.7* | |
Microglial activation | |||||||||
Politis et al 46 | [11C]PK11195 | ||||||||
HC | 10 | 89.5 | 56.7 | 11.7* | |||||
Premanifest HD | 10 | 50 | 41.9 | 32–61 | 0.33 | 16.9 | 43.4 | 39–48 | |
Politis et al 57 | [11C]PK11195 | ||||||||
HC | 12 | 58.3 | 39.4 | 28–65 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 12 | 41.7 | 41.1 | 29–59 | 0.32 | 17.9 | 43.7 | 40–48 | |
Glucose metabolism | |||||||||
Antonini et al 40 | [18F]FDG | ||||||||
HC | 20 | - | 34 | 22–44 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 13 | 50 | 30 | 21–41 | 0.17 | 23.7 | 43.9 | 40–47 | |
Feigin et al 45 | [18F]FDG | ||||||||
HC | 12 | 42.5 | 50.1 | 15.6* | |||||
Premanifest HD | 12 | 46.8 | 48.3 | 11.0* | 0.33 | 10.3 | 41.6 | 1.7* | |
Ciarmiello et al 49 | [18F]FDG | ||||||||
HC | 21 | 57.1 | 68.1 | 48–91 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 43 | 55.8 | 37.3 | 19–59 | 0.25 | 18 | 43.8 | 39–54 | |
Herben-Dekker et al 54 | [18F]FDG | ||||||||
HC | 11 | 33 | 42.5 | 26–54 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 22 | 36 | 38.7 | 31–56 | 0.19 | 22.4 | 42.6 | 39–47 | |
Phosphodiesterase 10A | |||||||||
Russell et al 55 | [18F]MNI-659 | ||||||||
HC | 9 | 55 | 46.1 | 29–71 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 3 | 0 | 32.4 | 32–34 | 0.18 | 22.3 | 44.3 | 42–47 | |
Niccolini et al 56 | [11C]IMA107 | ||||||||
HC | 12 | 66.7 | 40 | 28–50 | |||||
Premanifest HD | 12 | 58.3 | 41.1 | 32–52 | 0.16 | 25 | 41.8 | 40–44 | |
Adenosine A1 receptor | |||||||||
Matusch et al 52 | [18F]CPFPX | ||||||||
HC | 36 | 63.9 | 49.6 | 16* | |||||
Premanifest HD | 13 | 23.1 | 39.1 | 7* | 0.19 | 13 | 42.8 | 1.4* |
*SD.
*†p5 years=5-year probability to symptoms onset according to the Langbehn formula.10
‡90% p to onset=predicted years to HD symptoms onset (90% probability) calculated on the basis of the variant of the survival analysis formula described by Langbehn.5
HC, healthy controls; HD, Huntington’s disease; PET, positron emission tomography.