Risk factors for suicide in the general population | Studies examining these risk factors (quality rating) | Evidence trend in Parkinson’s disease |
Male gender | Lee, 2016 (3); Myslobodsky, 2001 (3); Li, 2018 (1) | Increased risk |
European American ethnicity | Myslobodsky, 2001 (3) | Increased risk |
Education level | Myslobodsky, 2001 (3) | No effect |
Unemployment | None | Not studied |
Single/Divorced/Bereaved | Myslobodsky, 2001 (3); Li, 2018 (1) | No effect to decreased risk |
Comorbid medical illness | Li, 2018 (1) | Decreased risk |
Depressive disorder | Lee, 2016 (3); Mainio, 2009 (3); Myslobodsky, 2001(3); Li, 2018 (1) | Increased risk |
Bipolar disorder | Myslobodsky, 2001 (3) | Increased risk |
Alcohol/substance use disorder | Mainio, 2009 (3) | Increased risk |
Psychosis | Lee, 2016 (3) | Increased risk |
Personality disorder | None | Not studied |
Anxiety disorder | None | Not studied |
Multiple psychiatric disorders | None | Not studied |
Hopelessness | None | Not studied |
Impulsivity | None | Not studied |
History of self-harm or past suicide attempt | Mainio, 2009 (3) | Increased risk |
Access to lethal means | None | Not studied |
Stressful life events | None | Not studied |
Childhood maltreatment/Abuse | None | Not studied |
Alterations in serotonergic function | None | Not studied |
Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis abnormalities | None | Not studied |
Epigenetic changes | None | Not studied |
Quality rating of each study is included in parentheses after the study identifier.