Demographic characteristics of healthy controls and patients grouped by clinical status at 15 years
| Healthy controls (n=34) | Patients with CIS (n=18) | Patients with MS | |||
| All MS (n=78) | RRMS (n=65) | SPMS (n=13) | |||
| Age, years | 35.5 (10.1) | 49.0 (7.2) | 47.0 (7.5) | 46.8 (7.6) | 47.8 (7.8) |
| Female, n (%) | 23 (66) | 12 (67) | 59 (86) | 50 (77) | 9 (69) |
| Disease duration, years | 14.5 (2.1) | 14.7 (2.4) | 14.6 (2.4) | 15.0 (2.8) | |
| Disease-modifying therapy, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (28) | 4 (31) | |
| EDSS, median (range) | 0 (0–1) | 2 (0–7)* | 2 (0–6.5) | 6 (3.5–7)‡ | |
| Walking speed, seconds | 0.24 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.06)* | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.05)‡ | |
| 9-Hole peg test, z score | 0.78 (0.70) | 0.23 (0.91)† | 0.50 (0.61) | −1.16 (0.82)‡ | |
| Verbal memory, z | n impaired (%) | 0.21 (0.60) | 0 (0) | −0.32 (0.58)* | 1 (1) | −0.27 (0.54) | 1 (2) | −0.59 (0.74) | 0 (0) | |
| Visual memory, z | n impaired (%) | 0.24 (0.49) | 0 (0) | −0.06 (0.65) | 2 (3) | −0.01 (0.63) | 1 (2) | −0.35 (0.76)‡ | 1 (8) | |
| PASAT, z | n impaired (%) | 0.21 (0.68) | 0 (0) | −0.48 (1.09)† | 7 (9) | −0.32 (0.99) | 3 (5) | −1.32 (1.25)‡ | 4 (30) | |
| SDMT, z | n impaired (%) | 0.31 (0.90) | 0 (0) | −0.65 (1.38)* | 11 (14) | −0.34 (1.18) | 3 (5) | −2.12 (1.38)‡ | 8 (62) | |
| Brixton test, z | n impaired (%) | −0.19 (0.98) | 0 (0) | −1.06 (1.18)† | 12 (15) | −0.93 (1.09) | 7 (11) | −1.74 (1.44)‡ | 5 (38) | |
| Hayling test, z | n impaired (%) | 0.20 (0.86) | 0 (0) | −0.63 (1.04)* | 3 (4) | −0.56 (1.01) | 1 (2) | −0.97 (1.15)§ | 2 (15) | |
| Fatigue severity score | 2.4 (1.3) | 4.3 (3.80)* | 3.5 (1.8) | 5.6 (1.5)‡ | |
All data presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Impairment on cognitive tests was defined as a z score ≤2.0 SD below published normative data.
*P<0.01 compared with CIS.
†P<0.05 compared with CIS.
‡P<0.01 compared with RRMS.
§P<0.05 compared with RRMS.
CIS, clinically isolated syndrome; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; RRMS, relapsing-remitting MS; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SPMS, secondary progressive MS.