Participant characteristics
| Study/demographic | Mills and Allen31 | Grossman et al 30 | Bogosian et al 28 | Kolahkaj and Zargar29 | Amiri et al 25 | Mahdavi et al 26 | Nejati et al 27 | Bahrani et al 23 | Simpson et al 22 | Carletto et al 24 | Cavalera et al 32 | Senders et al 21 |
| Ethnicity | NR | NR | 90% British Caucasian | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 100% British Caucasian | NR | NR | 97% Caucasian |
| Number of participants (% female) | 16 (80) | 150 (80) | 40 (55) | 48 (100) | 40 (47.5) | 24 (100) | 24 (46) | 56 (100) | 50 (92) | 90 (71) | 139 (65) | 67 (78) |
| Mean age (SD) | 49.8 (6.8) | 47.3 (10.3) | 52.2 (9.1) | 25.3 (4.1) | 25.2 (4.5) | NR | 32.3 (5.1) | 36.4 (6.6) | 45 (10.9) | 44.6 (9.4) | 42.7 (8.7) | 52.94 (11.37) |
| Socioeconomic status | NR | NR | NR | NR | ‘Average or above average’ | NR | NR | NR | Postcode derived; controlled in analyses | NR | NR | NR |
| Employment status | Four employed (25%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 20 employed (40%) | 59 employed (65%) | NR | NR |
| Education status (SD) | NR | Mean (SD) 14.1 (1.9) years of education | 31 (77.5) had at least a college education | 21 had high school, and 19 had a bachelor’s degree | All high school diploma or university education | School education or above | High school diploma at least | High school diploma at least | (56%) university level education | NR | 11% elementary school; 52% high school; 38% university | 60% college education or greater |
| Disease phenotype | SP 16 (100%) | RR 123 (82%) SP 27 (18%) | SP 23 (57.5%) PP 17 (42.5%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | RR (100%) | RR 40 (80%) SP 16 (32%) PP 4 (8%) | RR 74 (82%) SP 7 (8%) PP 2 (2%) PR 5 (6%) | RR 113 (93%) SP 8 (7%) | RR 41 (67%) SP 15 (25%) PP 4 (6%) UK 2 (3%) |
| EDSS score | NR | Mean (SD) 3.0 (1.1) | Mean (SD) 6.5 (1.5) | NR | Range 0–5.5 | NR | NR | </=5.5 | 4.4 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.7) | Median 3.0 | 4.6 (1.93) |
| Comorbidities | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Mean 2.4 (2.0); range 0–9 | NR | One participant had severe depression on HADS | NR |
| On DMDs | NR | 91 (60.1%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 26 (52%) | NR | 104 (85%) | 34 (55%) |
| Psychotropic medication(s) | NR | 30 (20%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | No | NR | 23 (46%) | NR | 9 (6%) | 35 (56%) |
NR, not reported; PP, primary progressive; PR, primary relapsing; RR, relapsing remitting; SP, secondary progressive.