Table 1

Established neurophysiological changes in neurodegeneration, their clinical utility and discrimination ability

Neurodegeneration	Method	Neurophysiological change	Clinical application	Discrimination statistics	References
Alzheimer’s disease Dementia with Lewy bodies	EEG/ MEG	↓ Posterior α power ↑ Parietal δ and θ power	Prodromal differential diagnosis Diagnostic biomarker Differential diagnosis of AD and DLB	Sensitivity −78.3% Specificity - 66.7% AUROC – 72% AUROC=0.97 (log δ) and 0.93 (log θ) AUROC=0.879 (log δ) and 0.75 (log θ)	Andersson et al, Babiloni et al 36 43
Frontotemporal dementia	EEG	Combined 25 rsEEG measures	Differential diagnosis between ADD, PDD, DLB and bvFTD	AUROC=100% Specificity=100% Selectivity=100%	Garn et al 55
Parkinson’s disease	EEG	↑β power ↑300 Hz power	Differential diagnosis Thresholding of DBS CT antikinetic measure CT prokinetic outcome measure	To be determined.	Assenza et al, Little et al, Muthuraman et al, Assenza et al 48 52
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	TMS	↓Short intracortical inhibition	Differential diagnosis from mimic disorders Prodromal biomarker CT outcome measure	Sensitivity - 73.21% Specificity - 80.88%	Vucic et al, Menon et al, NCT02450552, NCT027814544 28
Multiple sclerosis	EEG +TMS	Multimodal ERPs	Prognosis CT outcome measure	Sensitivity - 56.7% Specificity - 88.3% Positive predictive value - 70.8 %	Giffroy et al, NCT0176536118

ADD, Alzheimer’s disease dementia; AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve; CT, clinical trial; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; ERP, event-related potential; PDD, Parkinson’s disease dementia; bvFTD, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; rsEEG, resting state electroencephalography.