Meta-analysis of adverse effects
| Study | No. of trials | No.of participants | Pooled estimates | Heterogeneity | |||
| RR (95% CI) | P value | X2 | P value | I2 | |||
| Gastrointestinal adverse events | 20 | 1295 | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.40) | 0.05 | 24.91 | 0.16 | 24% |
| NSAID | 3 | 120 | 0.99 (0.71 to 1.37) | 0.94 | 0.49 | 0.78 | 0% |
| Omega-3 FA | 9 | 477 | 1.17 (0.68 to 2.03) | 0.57 | 14.67 | 0.07 | 45% |
| Statin | 1 | 68 | 1.25 (1.05 to 1.50) | 0.01 | — | — | — |
| Minocycline | 3 | 158 | 1.14 (0.82 to 1.59) | 0.43 | 2.25 | 0.33 | 11% |
| Pioglitazone | 1 | 40 | 1.71 (0.85 to 3.44) | 0.13 | — | — | — |
| Modafinil | 2 | 180 | 1.04 (0.64 to 1.71) | 0.86 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0% |
| NAC | 1 | 252 | 1.88 (1.21 to 2.92) | 0.005 | — | — | — |
| Nervous system adverse events | 14 | 865 | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.37) | 0.91 | 15.58 | 0.27 | 17% |
| NSAID | 2 | 80 | 0.60 (0.26 to 1.34) | 0.21 | 1.65 | 0.20 | 39% |
| Omega-3 FA | 5 | 339 | 1.21 (0.47 to 3.15) | 0.69 | 3.82 | 0.43 | 0% |
| Statin | 1 | 68 | 2.50 (0.52 to 12.01) | 0.25 | — | — | — |
| Minocycline | 3 | 158 | 1.11 (0.54 to 2.31) | 0.77 | 3.92 | 0.14 | 49% |
| Pioglitazone | 1 | 40 | 1.67 (0.46 to 6.06) | 0.44 | — | — | — |
| Modafinil | 2 | 180 | 1.10 (0.73 to 1.67) | 0.64 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 0% |
| Psychiatric adverse events | 12 | 620 | 1.15 (0.88 to 1.51) | 0.30 | 12.56 | 0.32 | 12% |
| NSAID | 3 | 120 | 0.92 (0.45 to 1.87) | 0.82 | 0.09 | 0.96 | 0% |
| Omega-3 FA | 3 | 100 | 0.68 (0.41 to 1.12) | 0.13 | 1.05 | 0.59 | 0% |
| Statin | 1 | 68 | 1.20 (0.60 to 2.40) | 0.61 | — | — | — |
| Minocycline | 2 | 112 | 1.32 (0.30 to 5.69) | 0.71 | 1.01 | 0.31 | 1% |
| Pioglitazone | 1 | 40 | 0.86 (0.35 to 2.10) | 0.74 | — | — | — |
| Modafinil | 2 | 180 | 1.68 (1.19 to 2.38) | 0.003 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0% |
| Cardiovascular adverse events | 3 | 152 | 1.74 (0.35 to 8.64) | 0.50 | 1.25 | 0.53 | 0% |
| NSAID | 1 | 40 | 1.00 (0.07 to 14.90) | 1.00 | — | — | — |
| Minocycline | 2 | 112 | 2.36 (0.32 to 17.16) | 0.40 | 0.98 | 0.32 | 0% |
| Respiratory adverse events | 5 | 327 | 1.12 (0.63 to 2.00) | 0.69 | 1.16 | 0.89 | 0% |
| Omega-3 FA | 1 | 39 | 0.86 (0.20 to 3.73) | 0.84 | — | — | — |
| Minocycline | 2 | 112 | 1.07 (0.51 to 2.25) | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0% |
| Pioglitazone | 1 | 40 | 5.00 (0.26 to 98.00) | 0.29 | — | — | — |
| Modafinil | 1 | 136 | 1.21 (0.34 to 4.33) | 0.77 | — | — | — |
| Genitourinary adverse events | 6 | 235 | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.54) | 0.52 | 3.03 | 0.70 | 0% |
| NSAID | 2 | 80 | 0.94 (0.32 to 2.78) | 0.91 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0% |
| Omega-3 FA | 2 | 71 | 0.39 (0.04 to 4.17) | 0.44 | 2.01 | 0.16 | 50% |
| Pioglitazone | 1 | 40 | 0.80 (0.25 to 2.55) | 0.71 | — | — | — |
| Modafinil | 1 | 44 | 1.00 (0.23 to 4.42) | 1.00 | — | — | — |
| Musculoskeletal adverse events | 4 | 469 | 1.50 (0.61 to 3.65) | 0.37 | 3.75 | 0.29 | 20% |
| Minocycline | 1 | 41 | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.44) | 0.65 | — | — | — |
| Pioglitazone | 1 | 40 | 3.00 (0.34 to 26.45) | 0.32 | — | — | — |
| Modafinil | 1 | 136 | 1.46 (0.43 to 4.93) | 0.55 | — | — | — |
| NAC | 1 | 252 | 10.83 (0.61,193.78) | 0.11 | — | — | — |
| Cutaneous adverse events | 5 | 250 | 1.14 (0.49 to 2.69) | 0.76 | 4.54 | 0.34 | 12% |
| NSAID | 1 | 40 | 3.00 (0.13 to 69.52) | 0.49 | — | — | — |
| Omega-3 FA | 2 | 71 | 6.51 (0.84 to 50.31) | 0.07 | 0 | 0.94 | 0% |
| Statin | 1 | 68 | 0.67 (0.21 to 2.15) | 0.50 | — | — | — |
| Minocycline | 1 | 71 | 0.78 (0.23 to 2.66) | 0.69 | — | — | — |
FA, fatty acid; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RR, risk ratio.