Baseline characteristics of participants according to the quintiles of serum total homocysteine levels
| Characteristics | Serum total homocysteine levels (µmol/L) | P value for trend | ||||
| Quintile 1 (≤6.4) n=329 | Quintile 2 (6.5–7.6) n=298 | Quintile 3 (7.7–9.0) n=332 | Quintile 4 (9.1–11.4) n=312 | Quintile 5 (≥11.5) n=317 | ||
| Age, years | 68 (7) | 69 (6) | 70 (7) | 72 (8) | 75 (8) | <0.001 |
| Male, % | 13.1 | 30.5 | 50.0 | 53.5 | 65.9 | <0.001 |
| Education ≤9 years, % | 45.9 | 49.0 | 53.6 | 55.4 | 59.9 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 132 (20) | 137 (21) | 137 (20) | 141 (22) | 140 (20) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77 (10) | 80 (12) | 79 (11) | 81 (12) | 80 (11) | <0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive agents, % | 25.5 | 35.2 | 33.1 | 41.3 | 45.7 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 43.8 | 59.4 | 57.2 | 67.6 | 68.8 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 18.8 | 25.5 | 23.2 | 22.4 | 20.2 | 0.99 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.5 (0.9) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.2 (0.8) | 5.1 (0.9) | 4.9 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.1 (3.1) | 23.5 (3.2) | 23.1 (3.3) | 23.0 (3.2) | 22.4 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | 2.7 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 18.3 | 38.2 | <0.001 |
| History of stroke, % | 3.0 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 6.1 | 11.4 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 7.3 | 7.7 | 14.5 | 21.8 | 21.8 | <0.001 |
| Current drinking, % | 28.3 | 31.9 | 39.5 | 42.6 | 36.3 | 0.002 |
| Regular exercise (≥3 times/week), % | 13.7 | 14.1 | 12.0 | 10.6 | 13.6 | 0.53 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.3 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.3) | 4.3 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Serum folate, ng/mL | 7.1 (7.7) | 5.8 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.4) | 4.9 (2.4) | 4.3 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Serum vitamin B12, pg/mL* | 591 (454–871) | 502 (391–712) | 435 (339–572) | 414 (309–575) | 353 (247–490) | <0.001 |
Data are shown as mean (SD) or frequency.
*Values are median (IQR).
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;