Summary of individual cohort characteristics and concentrations of exosome markers
| RBD | PD | PDD | DLB | MSA | HC | FTD | PSP | CBS | ||
| Oxford | No of individuals | 65 | 48 | 26 | 10* | 14 | 31 | – | – | – |
| Male (female) | 62(3) | 36(12) | 21(5) | 7 (3) | 10(4) | 22(9) | – | – | – | |
| Age | 64.2±8.3 | 62.8±9.3 | 70.2±6.6 | 82.8±7.7 | 68.1±10.8 | 66.3±8.8 | – | – | – | |
| Duration of disease (years) | na | 1.8±2.1 | 3.5±4 | – | 4.9±2.6 | na | – | – | – | |
| UPDRS | 5.1 | 32.9 | 39.6 | – | 27.7 | na | – | – | – | |
| MoCA | 25.5 | 27.1 | 18.2 | – | 27.3 | na | – | – | – | |
| exo α-synuclein (pg/mL) | 26.69±12.8 | 22.36±9.5 | 25.34±10.6 | 17.23±4.6 | 10.72±4.5 | 12.48±5.1 | – | – | – | |
| exo Clusterin (ng/mL) | 10.01±5.2 | 7.85±3.6 | 9.56±4 | 6.99±3 | 6.84±3.2 | 11.25±2.6 | – | – | – | |
| exo Syntenin-1 (ng/mL) | 32.85±27.1 | 43.31±21.6 | 38.29±22 | 28.10±10.5 | 14.77±5.8 | 33.40±15.9 | – | – | – | |
| Kiel | No of individuals | – | 155 | 15 | – | – | 113 | – | – | – |
| Male (female) | – | 96(59) | 11(4) | – | – | 72(41) | – | – | – | |
| Age | – | 67.5±9.3 | 73.9±8.2 | – | – | 59.0±4.8 | – | – | – | |
| Duration of disease (years) | – | 9.30±6.1 | 14.4±6.6 | – | – | na | – | – | – | |
| UPDRS | – | 23.44 | 39.2 | – | – | na | – | – | – | |
| MoCA | – | 27.54 | 18.47 | – | – | na | – | – | – | |
| exo α-synuclein (pg/mL) | – | 29.32±20.5 | 36.57±24.4 | – | – | 12.72±6.1 | – | – | – | |
| exo Clusterin (ng/mL) | – | 10.60±6.4 | 12.77±5.9 | – | – | 8.08±5.2 | – | – | – | |
| exo Syntenin-1 (ng/mL) | – | 25.65±20.3 | 38.82±22.5 | – | – | 18.81±12 | – | – | – | |
| Brescia | No of individuals | – | 27 | 4 | 11 | – | – | 65 | 35 | 45 |
| Male (female) | – | 17(10) | 2 (2) | 7 (4) | – | – | 38(27) | 18(17) | 27(18) | |
| Age | – | 65.0±9.4 | 71.0±15.8 | 68.6±4.9 | – | – | 62.5±7 | 68.0±7.5 | 61.1±7.2 | |
| Duration of disease (years) | – | na | 18.5±5.8 | 3.4±3.0 | – | – | 2.9±2.5 | 2.8±1.8 | 1.9±1.3 | |
| UPDRS | – | 20.11 | 39.75 | na | – | – | na | 24.48 | 22.30 | |
| MoCA | – | 26.78 | 16.50 | na | – | – | na | 21.40 | 22.49 | |
| exo α-synuclein (pg/mL) | – | 25.61±19 | 20.96±5.4 | 16.87±3.1 | – | – | 12.60±4 | 9.20±4.9 | 9.93±3.7 | |
| exo Clusterin (ng/mL) | – | 7.56±5.8 | 6.39±4.8 | 6.15±5.2 | – | – | 22.22±10.5 | 18.42±8.8 | 16.16±6.1 | |
| exo syntenin-1 (ng/mL) | – | 22.95±10 | 15.92±3.9 | 20.05±5.3 | – | – | 20.81±20.9 | 44.31±23 | 54.73±25 |
Data represent the mean at the time of sample collection. UPDRS and MoCA were available in 48% of HC.
*Post-mortem cases
CBS, corticobasal syndrome; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; HC, healthy controls; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; MSA, multiple system atrophy; na, not applicable; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PDD, Parkinson’s disease with dementia; PSP, progressive supranuclear gaze palsy; RBD, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.