Characteristics of African–Americans versus other races in stroke with COVID-19
| African–American | Other races | Overall | P value | |
| (n=27) | (n=42) | (n=69) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 64.4 (11.8) | 62.9 (17.3) | 63.5 (15.3) | 0.7 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 14 (51.9%) | 16 (38.1%) | 30 (43.5%) | 0.26 |
| Male | 13 (48.1%) | 26 (61.9%) | 39 (56.5%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Smoking1 | 4 (14.8%) | 7 (16.7%) | 11 (15.9%) | 0.88 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (11.1%) | 7 (16.7%) | 10 (14.5%) | 0.73 |
| Prior anticoagulation2 | 0 (0%) | 6 (14.3%) | 6 (8.7%) | 0.08 |
| Coronary artery disease3 | 4 (14.8%) | 11 (26.2%) | 15 (21.7%) | 0.37 |
| Congestive heart failure4 | 5 (18.5%) | 4 (9.5%) | 9 (13.0%) | 0.28 |
| Diabetes mellitus5 | 17 (63.0%) | 12 (28.6%) | 29 (42.0%) | 0.01* |
| Hypertension | 21 (77.8%) | 32 (76.2%) | 53 (76.8%) | 0.72 |
| Hyperlipidaemia6 | 10 (37.0%) | 23 (54.8%) | 33 (47.8%) | 0.22 |
| Cerebrovascular accident7 | 6 (22.2%) | 8 (19.0%) | 14 (20.3%) | 0.7 |
| Peripheral vascular disease8 | 2 (7.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0.09 |
| Chronic kidney disease9 | 3 (11.1%) | 5 (11.9%) | 8 (11.6%) | 0.9 |
| Others | 11 (40.7%) | 24 (57.1%) | 35 (50.7%) | 0.18 |
| Presentation | ||||
| Fever10 | 8 (29.6%) | 20 (47.6%) | 28 (40.6%) | 1 |
| Cough11 | 11 (40.7%) | 18 (42.9%) | 29 (42.0%) | 1 |
| Dyspnoea12 | 12 (44.4%) | 13 (31.0%) | 25 (36.2%) | 1 |
| Nausea or vomiting13 | 2 (7.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.9%) | 1 |
| Chills14 | 3 (11.1%) | 3 (7.1%) | 6 (8.7%) | 1 |
| Malaise or lethargy15 | 1 (3.7%) | 6 (14.3%) | 7 (10.1%) | 1 |
| Asymptomatic16 | 4 (14.8%) | 4 (9.5%) | 8 (11.6%) | 1 |
| Exposure history17 | 5 (18.5%) | 13 (31.0%) | 18 (26.1%) | 0.32 |
| Awareness of COVID18 | 3 (11.1%) | 17 (40.5%) | 20 (29.0%) | 0.17 |
| NIHSS19, mean (SD) | 16.3 (12.3) | 14.9 (8.72) | 15.4 (10.1) | 0.63 |
| ASPECTS20 | ||||
| ASPECTS 0–5 | 2 (7.4%) | 4 (9.5%) | 6 (8.7%) | 1 |
| ASPECTS 6–10 | 11 (40.7%) | 27 (64.3%) | 38 (55.1%) | |
| Door to CT21, median (IQR) | 23.0(27.0) | 19.0(22.0) | 22.5(22.3) | 0.18 |
| Large vessel occlusion22 | 11 (40.7%) | 20 (47.6%) | 31 (44.9%) | 1 |
| Labs | ||||
| NLR25, median (IQR) | 5.39(7.26) | 5.41(5.03) | 5.41(6.61) | 0.67 |
| D dimer26, median (IQR) | 1120(7070) | 2160(4540) | 1780(5560) | 0.87 |
| INR27, median (IQR) | 1.11(0.228) | 1.20(0.200) | 1.20(0.215) | 0.09 |
| aPTT28, median (IQR) | 30.5(3.78) | 32.5(6.10) | 31.0(5.70) | 0.44 |
| Fibrinogen29, mean (SD) | 515 (243) | 509 (309) | 511 (285) | 0.96 |
| ESR30, mean (SD) | 45.3 (33.5) | 66.3 (35.5) | 52.0 (34.9) | 0.17 |
| C-reactive protein31, median (IQR) | 22.0(152) | 29.2(72.6) | 26.4(138) | 0.58 |
| Ferritin32, median (IQR) | 510(723) | 566(1010) | 530(963) | 0.59 |
| White blood cells33, median (IQR) | 7.70(2.91) | 7.90(4.30) | 7.90(3.91) | 0.7 |
| Absolute neutrophil34, median (IQR) | 5.75(2.73) | 6.30(4.25) | 6.10(3.78) | 0.81 |
| Absolute lymphocyte35, median (IQR) | 1.11(0.600) | 1.20(0.650) | 1.16(0.600) | 0.77 |
| Platelets36, mean (SD) | 222 (98.8) | 256 (109) | 243 (106) | 0.2 |
| Creatinine37, median (IQR) | 1.36(1.80) | 1.10(0.928) | 1.20(1.23) | 0.28 |
| GFR38, median (IQR) | 60.0(19.0) | 60.0(21.0) | 60.0(20.3) | 0.48 |
| LDH39, median (IQR) | 768(770) | 513(283) | 640(560) | 0.19 |
| Triglycerides40, median (IQR) | 114(55.0) | 153(82.0) | 142(80.0) | 0.31 |
| Troponin41, median (IQR) | 0.0300(0.135) | 0.0200(0.118) | 0.0210(0.131) | 0.46 |
| CPK42, median (IQR) | 216(2520) | 135(189) | 153(294) | 0.17 |
| LDL43, mean (SD) | 103 (32.9) | 74.8 (38.9) | 83.1 (38.9) | 0.05* |
| HgA1C44, median (IQR) | 7.20(3.80) | 6.30(1.48) | 6.65(2.63) | 0.28 |
| Aspirin45 | 15 (55.6%) | 23 (54.8%) | 38 (55.0%) | 0.61 |
| Plavix46 | 4 (14.8%) | 11 (26.2%) | 15 (21.7%) | 0.67 |
| Heparin46 | 8 (29.6%) | 9 (21.4%) | 17 (24.6%) | 0.58 |
| Enoxaparin46 | 8 (29.6%) | 10 (23.8%) | 18 (26.1%) | 0.26 |
| IV tPA23 | 4 (14.8%) | 13 (31.0%) | 17 (24.6%) | 0.16 |
| Thrombectomy24 | 4 (14.8%) | 13 (31.0%) | 17 (24.6%) | 0.16 |
| mRS | ||||
| 0 | 1 (3.7%) | 2 (4.8%) | 3 (4.3%) | 0.3 |
| 1 | 2 (7.4%) | 4 (9.5%) | 6 (8.7%) | |
| 2 | 2 (7.4%) | 2 (4.8%) | 4 (5.8%) | |
| 3 | 2 (7.4%) | 11 (26.2%) | 13 (18.8%) | |
| 4 | 4 (14.8%) | 7 (16.7%) | 11 (15.9%) | |
| 5 | 1 (3.7%) | 4 (9.5%) | 5 (7.2%) | |
| 6 | 15 (55.6%) | 12 (28.6%) | 27 (39.1%) | |
| mRS | ||||
| 0–2 | 5 (18.5%) | 8 (19.0%) | 13 (18.8%) | 1 |
| 3–6 | 22 (81.5%) | 34 (81.0%) | 56 (81.2%) | |
| sICH47 | 3 (11.1%) | 1 (3.0%) | 4 (4.8%) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 15 (55.6%) | 12 (28.6%) | 27 (39.1%) | 0.05* |
1–47Data missing for some patients.
sICH, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhageaPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ASPECTS, The Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; INR, international normalised ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; NLR, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; IV tPA, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.