Stroke characteristics in cases (with evidence of COVID-19 at stroke onset) and controls (with no evidence of COVID-19 at any time), including ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes
| Cases | Controls | P value | |
| All strokes (n) | 86 | 1384 | |
| Age (years) (median (IQR)) | 74.5 (67–84) | 73 (61–82) | NS |
| Men (n (%)) | 47 (54.7) | 731 (52.8) | NS |
| Ischaemic (n (%)) | 81 (94.2) | 1193 (86.2) | 0.03 |
| Ethnicity (n) | 74 | 1076 | |
| White (n (%)) | 53 (71.6) | 886 (82.3) | 0.02 |
| Black (n (%)) | 7 (9.5) | 98 (9.1) | NS |
| Asian (n (%)) | 13 (17.6) | 79 (7.3) | 0.002 |
| Mixed/other (n (%)) | 1 (1.4) | 13 (1.2) | NS |
| Disability prior to stroke (n) | 84 | 1369 | |
| Premorbid mRS score (median (IQR)) | 1 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 0.01 |
| Admission stroke severity (n) | 74 | 1336 | |
| NIHSS score (median (IQR)) | 8 (3.25–17) | 5 (2–13) | 0.01 |
| Respiratory support during admission (n) | 86 | 1370 | |
| None required (n (%)) | 41 (47.7) | 1236 (90.2) | <0.00001 |
| Oxygen by nasal prongs (n (%)) | 22 (25.6) | 66 (4.8) | <0.00001 |
| Oxygen by mask (n (%)) | 15 (17.4) | 42 (3.1) | <0.00001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation (n (%)) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (0.4) | NS |
| Intubation and ventilation (n (%)) | 7 (8.1) | 20 (1.5) | <0.00001 |
| Outcome measures (n) | 86 | 1384 | |
| Length of stay (days) (median (IQR)) | 7 (3–17) | 3 (2–8) | <0.00001 |
| mRS on discharge (median (IQR)) | 4 (2–5) | 3 (1–4) | 0.0004 |
| Death during admission (n (%)) | 17 (19.8) | 133 (9.6) | 0.01 |
| Recurrence during admission (n (%)) | 2 (2.3) | 14 (1.0) | NS |
mRS, modified Rankin scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.