Characteristics of identified studies
| Author/s and year | Location | Population | Sample size | Study | Intervention | Follow-up | NHLBI quality |
| Goldstein et al 200413 | London, UK | PNES | 20 | B+A | CBT (FEA) | 6 months | Good (9/12) |
| LaFrance et al 200914 | Rhode Island, USA | PNES | 21 | B+A | CBT (ES-MDD) | Treatment end | Good (10/12) |
| Goldstein et al 201015 | London, UK | PNES | 33 CBT+SMC 33 SMC | RCT | CBT (FEA) | 6 months | Good (11/14) |
| LaFrance et al 201416 | Rhode Island, USA | PNES | 9 CBT 9 SSRI 10 CBT+SSRI 10 SC | RCT | CBT (ES-MDD) | Treatment end | Fair (9/14) |
| Dallocchio et al 201617 | Verona, Italy | Motor FND | 11 CBT 8 SC 10 CBT+APA | RCT | CBT (FEA) | Treatment end | Fair (10/14) |
| Baslet et al 201518 | Chicago, USA | PNES | 6 | B+A | CBT (FEA+MBT) | Treatment end | Poor (6/12) |
| Sharpe et al 201119 | Edinburgh and Glasgow, UK | All FND | 64 CBT 63 SC | RCT | CBT (GSH) | 6 months | Good (12/14) |
| Myers et al 201720 | Pennsylvania, USA | PNES +PTSD | 18 | B+A | CBT (PE) | Treatment end | Fair (9/12) |
| Graham et al 201821 | Leeds, UK | All FND | 8 | B+A | CBT (ACT) | Treatment end | Fair (9/12) |
| Tolchin et al 201922 | Boston, USA | PNES | 31 CBT 29 CBT+MI | #RCT | CBT (FEA±MI) | Treatment end | Good (12/14) |
| Baslet et al 202023 | Boston, USA | PNES | 49 | B+A | CBT (FEA+MBT) | Treatment end | Poor (6/12) |
| Goldstein et al 202024 | England, Scotland and Wales, UK | PNES | 186 CBT+SMC 181 SMC | RCT | CBT (FEA) | 12 months | Good (12/14) |
| Hinson et al 200625 | Chicago, USA | Motor FND | 10 | B+A | PDT (STDP) | Treatment end | Fair (9/12) |
| Reuber et al 200726 | Sheffield, UK | All FND | 91 | B+A | PDT (PIT) | 6 months | Fair (9/12) |
| Mayor et al 201027 | Sheffield, UK | PNES | 47 | B+A | PDT (PIT) | 31–65 months | Poor (7/12) |
| Kompoliti et al 201428 | Chicago, USA | Motor FND | 7 immediate 8 delayed | RCT | PDT (STDP) | 6 months | Poor (8/14) |
| Hubschmid et al 201529 | Lausanne, Switzerland | All FND | 11 treatment 12 control | RCT | PDT (PIT) | 12 months | Fair (10/14) |
| Russell et al 201630 | Nova Scotia, Canada | PNES | 28 | B+A | PDT (STDP) | 3 years | Poor (7/12) |
| Santos et al 201431 | Sao Paolo, Brazil | PNES | 37 | B+A | PDT (PA) | Treatment end | Poor (7/12) |
#RCT=RCT analysed as B+A in this review.
ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; APA, adjunctive physical activity; B+A, before and after study; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; ES-MDD, CBT for epilepsy and major depressive disorder; FEA, fear-escape avoidance model; FND, functional neurological disorder; GSH, guided self-help; MBT, mindfulness-based therapy; MI, motivational interviewing; NHLBI, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; PA, psychoanalysis; PDT, psychodynamic therapy; PE, prolonged exposure; PIT, psychodynamic interpersonal therapy; PNES, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SC, standard care; SMC, standardised medical care; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; STDP, short-term dynamic psychotherapy.