Effect sizes for pre–post comparisons in CBT studies
Domain | Study | Measure | Population | Sample | Effect sizes (pre–post) | ||
Treatment end | 6-month follow-up | 12-month follow-up | |||||
Physical symptoms | Goldstein 200413 | Seizure freq. | PNES | 20 | 0.44 | 0.45 | |
Sharpe 201119 | PHQ-15 | All FND | 64 | 0.38 | 0.48 | ||
Dallocchio 201617 | PMDRS | Motor FND | 11 | 1.46 | |||
PMDRS (M) | 1.44 | ||||||
PHQ-15 | 1.56 | ||||||
Baslet 2015 | Seizure freq. | PNES | 6 | 0.77 | |||
LaFrance 201416 | Seizure freq. | PNES | 9 | 0.48* | |||
Baslet 202023 | Seizure freq. | PNES | 49 | NC | |||
PHQ-15 | 0.19 | ||||||
Goldstein 202024 | Seizure freq. | PNES | 186 | NC | NC | ||
Seizure severity | 0.46 | 0.53 | |||||
Bothersome | 0.69 | 0.71 | |||||
Mental health | Sharpe 201119 | HADS (A) | All FND | 64 | 0.11 | 0.45 | |
HADS (D) | 0.45 | 0.17 | |||||
LaFrance 200914 | Ham-D | PNES | 21 | 0.41 | |||
BDI | 0.70 | ||||||
DTS | 0.69 | ||||||
DES | 0.49 | ||||||
SCL-90 | 0.48 | ||||||
CGI | 1.95 | ||||||
Dallocchio 201617 | Ham-D | Motor FND | 11 | 2.12 | |||
BAI | 1.35 | ||||||
Goldstein 200413 | HADS (A) | PNES | 20 | 0.40 | 0.31 | ||
HADS (D) | 0.54 | 0.48 | |||||
Baslet 2012 | BDI | PNES | 6 | 0.44 | |||
DASS-A | 0.21 | ||||||
Goldstein 201015 | HADS (A) | PNES | 33 | 0.21 | 0.33 | ||
HADS (D) | 0.13 | 0.22 | |||||
Myers 2017 | PDS | PNES+PTSD | 18 | 2.11 | |||
BDI | 1.65 | ||||||
Graham 201821 | CORE-10 | All FND | 8 | 1.70 | |||
Baslet 202023 | BDI | PNES | 49 | 0.16 | |||
DASS-A | 0.05 | ||||||
DES | 0.03 | ||||||
Goldstein 202024 | SF-12 (M) | PNES | 186 | 0.22 | 0.30 | ||
GAD-7 | 0.24 | 0.23 | |||||
Well-being | LaFrance 200914 | QOLIE-31 | PNES | 21 | 0.74 | ||
Tolchin 201922 | QOLIE-10 | PNES | 31 | 0.21 | |||
29+MI | 0.76 | ||||||
Baslet 202023 | QOLIE-10 | PNES | 49 | 0.19 | |||
Goldstein 202024 | EQ5D5L | PNES | 186 | 0.11 | 0.20 | ||
Function | Goldstein 200413 | WSAS | PNES | 20 | 0.66 | 0.70 | |
Sharpe 201119 | SF-12 (F) | All FND | 64 | 0.08 | 0.33 | ||
LaFrance 200914 | GAF | PNES | 21 | 0.86 | |||
OHS | 0.18 | ||||||
LIFE-RIFT | 0.49 | ||||||
Dallocchio 201617 | PMDRS (F) | Motor FND | 11 | 1.32 | |||
Goldstein 201015 | WSAS | PNES | 33 | 0.76 | |||
Graham 201821 | WSAS | All FND | 8 | 1.02 | |||
Goldstein 202024 | SF-12 (F) | PNES | 186 | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
WSAS | 0.4 | 0.52 |
*Calculated using OR.
BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; CGI, Clinical Global Impression; CORE-10, 10-item Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation; DASS-A, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale anxiety subscore; DES, Dissociative Experiences Scale; DTS, Davidson Trauma Scale; EQ5D5L, EuroQol 5 Dimension 5-Level Scale; FND, functional neurological disorder; GAD-7, 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale; GAF, Global Assessment of Function; HADS, Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Score (A=anxiety subscore/D=depression subscore); Ham-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; LIFE-RIFT, Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation-Range of Impaired Functioning Tool; MI, motivational interviewing; NC, not calculable; OHS, Oxford Handicap Scale; PDS, Post-traumatic Diagnosis Scale; PHQ-15, 15-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PMDRS, Psychogenic Movement Disorders Rating Scale (M=motor subscore/F=function subscore); PNES, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; QOLIE-31/10, 31/10-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy score; SCL-90, 90-item Symptom Checklist; SF-12, 12-item Short Form health survey (M=mental health subscore/F=function subscore); WSAS, Work and Social Adjustment Scale.