Reasons for failure to translate preclinical promise to clinical trial success
| Preclinical | Clinical | ||
| Problem | Solution | Problem | Solution |
| Selection bias | Randomisation | Power | Large phase III trials |
| Assessment bias | Blind outcome assessment | Time window | Require early enrolment |
| Power | Prespecified sample size | Recanalisation | Require documented recanalisation |
| Reproducibility | Repeat in multiple labs | ||
| Attrition bias | Subject tracking | Heterogeneity | Broad inclusion criteria |
| Generalisability | Repeat in more than one model | ||
| Relevance and external validity | Evaluate in animals with comorbidities of both sexes and after ageing | ||