Cause-specific hazard models: univariate associations of clinical and ICH characteristics, and new clinical events with functional decline
| Baseline values | First transition to mRS 4/5 | |||
| Events | CSHR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age (years), mean±SD | 64.6±13.5 | 40 | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.11)* | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 66/174 (37.9) | 15 | 2.86 (1.51 to 5.56) | <0.01 |
| Previous stroke | 14/174 (8.0) | 4 | 1.67 (0.59 to 4.71) | 0.33 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25/174 (14.4) | 9 | 2.29 (1.09 to 4.83) | 0.03 |
| Arterial hypertension | 107/174 (61.5) | 29 | 1.65 (0.82 to 3.29) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 26/174 (14.9) | 10 | 2.13 (1.04 to 4.35) | 0.04 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56/174 (32.2) | 14 | 1.14 (0.60 to 2.19) | 0.69 |
| Smoking | 38/174 (21.8) | 4 | 0.35 (0.12 to 0.99) | 0.05 |
| Heavy alcohol intake | 57/174 (32.8) | 11 | 0.77 (0.38 to 1.54) | 0.45 |
| mRS 6 months | 40 | 1.83 (1.32 to 2.54) | <0.001† | |
| 0 | 32/174 (18.4) | 2 | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 1 | 47/174 (27.0) | 11 | 4.23 (0.94 to 19.09) | |
| 2 | 42/174 (24.1) | 7 | 2.79 (0.58 to 13.41) | |
| 3 | 53/174 (30.3) | 20 | 10.11 (2.36 to 43.35) | |
| Treatment | ||||
| Antiplatelet | 38/174 (21.8) | 13 | 2.17 (1.11 to 4.22) | 0.03 |
| Anticoagulants | 24/174 (13.8) | 8 | 1.61 (0.74 to 3.51) | 0.22 |
| Antihypertensive | 99/174 (56.9) | 28 | 1.87 (0.95 to 3.68) | 0.07 |
| Statins | 39/174 (22.4) | 10 | 1.17 (0.57 to 2.40) | 0.66 |
| Stroke characteristics | ||||
| NIHSS, median (IQR) | 6 (3–11) | 40 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 0.77 |
| Lobar ICH | 72/174 (41.4) | 21 | 1.80 (0.97 to 3.36) | 0.064 |
| Deep ICH | 92/174 (52.9) | 18 | 0.66 (0.35 to 1.23) | 0.19 |
| ICH volume (mL), median (IQR) | 5.7 (1.7–16.5) | 40 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.04)‡ | 0.14 |
| New clinical event during FU | ||||
| Dementia | 48 | 25 | 9.09 (4.5 to 16.7)§ | <0.001 |
| Any stroke | 23 | 10 | 4.04 (1.91 to 8.55)§ | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic stroke | 16 | 6 | 2.86 (1.16 to 7.14)§ | 0.02 |
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 8 | 4 | 4.35 (1.54 to 12.5)§ | <0.01 |
Data are n (%) or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
*Calculated per 10-year increase.
†P value and CSHR were calculated by treating mRS score at 6 months as ordinal variable.
‡Calculated per 1 mL increase.
§Calculated by treating new clinical events as time-dependent covariate.
CSHR, cause-specific HR; FU, follow-up; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.