Cognitive reserve fixed effect for each neuropsychological test from joint model summary
| Outcome | β (SE) | 95% CI | P value |
| ECAS total | 0.37 (0.003) | 0.11 to 0.64 | 0.003 |
| ECAS ALS specific | 0.40 (0.002) | 0.21 to 0.59 | <0.001 |
| ECAS ALS non-specific | 0.26 (0.003) | 0.06 to 0.44 | 0.01 |
| Reading the mind in the eyes | 0.66 (0.005) | 0.26 to 1.04 | 0.002 |
| Verbal fluency (unrestricted) | 0.49 (0.007) | −0.15 to 1.16 | 0.13 |
| Verbal fluency (restricted) | 0.61 (0.02) | −0.73 to 1.99 | 0.39 |
| CWIT inhibition | 0.87 (0.008) | 0.27 to 1.49 | 0.009 |
| CWIT switching | 0.63 (0.09) | 0.17 to 1.07 | 0.008 |
| Boston naming task | 0.55 (0.005) | 0.13 to 0.98 | 0.01 |
| RAVLT total | 0.29 (0.004) | −0.02 to 0.59 | 0.07 |
| RAVLT delayed | 0.27 (0.004) | −0.15 to 0.58 | 0.25 |
| Logical memory immediate | 0.38 (0.004) | 0.02 to 0.72 | 0.04 |
| Logical memory delayed | 0.56 (0.005) | 0.11 to 0.99 | 0.03 |
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CWIT, Colour-Word Interference Test; ECAS, Edinburgh cognitive and behavioural ALS screen; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.