ORs of psychotropic and pain medications during the 12 months after incident traumatic brain injury (TBI) stratified by clinical characteristics
| Inpatient vs outpatient treatment OR (95% CI) | All other TBIs vs mild TBI OR (95% CI) | Polytrauma vs TBI without co-occurring physical injuries OR (95% CI) | |
| Any psychotropic or pain medication | 2.40 (2.35 to 2.44) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)* | 1.84 (1.80 to 1.88) |
| Opioids | 2.08 (2.04 to 2.12) | 0.90 (0.89 to 0.92) | 2.39 (2.34 to 2.44) |
| Non-opioid pain medications | 2.68 (2.63 to 2.73) | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.11) | 2.13 (2.09 to 2.18) |
| Antiepileptic medications | 1.73 (1.67 to 1.79) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.21) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)* |
| Antipsychotic medications | 1.64 (1.58 to 1.71) | 1.26 (1.20 to 1.31) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09)* |
| Benzodiazepines | 1.77 (1.73 to 1.82) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.19) | 1.12 (1.09 to 1.16) |
| SSRIs | 1.60 (1.56 to 1.64) | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98) | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.17) |
| Other antidepressants | 1.55 (1.50 to 1.59) | 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99)† | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.19) |
| ADHD medications | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.01)* | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.80) | 1.18 (1.05 to 1.32)† |
*†All differences were associated with p<0.0001, except for where indicated. *p>0.05. †p<0.05.
ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.