Case–control polysomnography studies involving patients with non-degenerative movement disorders
| Disorder | Author | Year | Cohort | Assessment | Outcome |
| Dystonia | Gadoth et al 107 | 1989 | HPD (3) HC (11) | PSG over two nights (two patients, and one night in one patient and HC) | Sleep structure appeared to be normal in all subjects. |
| Dystonia | Jankel et al 108 | 1983 | DMD (4) HC (4) | PSG over three nights | PSG showed increased sleep latency, reduced sleep efficiency and unusually high voltage of sleep spindles (>100µV) sleep spindles during N2. |
| Dystonia | Jankel et al 1 09 | 1984 | DMD (9) HC (9) | PSG over three nights | All patients slept poorly, patients with advance stages of dystonia all displayed high-amplitude (>150µV) spindles during N2 and N3, increased sleep latency, less REM sleep, increased no of awakenings and poor sleep efficiency. |
| Dystonia | Fish et al 110 | 1990 | Primary TD (14) Secondary TD (10) Other neurological disorders (39) HC (10) | PSG over two nights | Four patients (taking benzodiazepines) with TD had increased sleep spindles more than both control groups. All patients with severe disease had abnormal sleep spindles. |
| Dystonia | Fish et al 111 | 1991 | Primary TD (14) Secondary TD (10) Other neurological disorders (39) HC (10) Same sample as Fish et al., 1990 | PSG over two nights | All patients and controls showed reduced EMG activity during REM sleep compared with wakefulness. Patients with secondary TD had fewer bursts of activity than normal subjects. RBD was absent in all groups. |
| Dystonia | Fish et al 112 | 1991 | Primary TD (14) Secondary TD (10) Other neurological disorders (39) HC (10) Same sample as Fish et al., 1990 | PSG over two nights | Movements were most frequent during awakening, proceeded by N1, with very few movements during N2 and REM sleep. Sleep-related movements in primary and secondary TD emerged after brief awakenings. |
| Dystonia | Lobbezoo et al 113 | 1996 | CD (9) HC (9) | PSG over two nights | PSG in CD patient were normal. Sleep was associated with an improvement of symptoms in CD, with abnormal cervical muscle activity decreasing immediately when lying down and then being abolished when transitioning to light NREM sleep. |
| Dystonia | Brüggemann et al 81 | 2014 | DRD (23) HC (26) | PSG over one night, PSQI, ESS, SSS, FEPS-2, BDI, self-administered comorbidity questionnaire | Sleep quality, SSS and ESS was similar across groups. Six patients underwent PSG, two had reduced sleep efficiency, two increased sleep latency, five increased REM latency, four had initiation problems and four had increased in numbers of arousal. |
| Dystonia | Antelmi et al 79 | 2017 | CD (20) HC (22) | One full night of PSG, RLS, PSQI, ESS, BDI | PSQI showed significant reduction in sleep quality, and correlation with higher scores of BDI. ESS scores were normal. Difficulties in sleep efficiency and increased sleep latency and increased REM sleep latency. Patients had lower muscle amplitude contraction over the dystonic muscles compared with HC in slow wave sleep and REM sleep. |
| Tic Disorders | Hashimoto et al 114 | 1981 | TS (9) HC (9) | PSG | At all stages of sleep, body movements during sleep were more frequent in cases of TS. Twitch movements in REM sleep were significantly increased in TS. TS patients had increased total sleep time, REM sleep and NREM sleep. |
| Tic Disorders | Voderholzer et al 115 | 1997 | TS (7) HC (7) | Two nights of PSG | 5/7 showed frequent PLMS in NREM and total sleep time significantly lower in TS group (p<0.05). |
| Tic Disorders | Cohrs et al 116 | 2001 | TS (25); adults HC (11) | v-PSG over two consecutive nights | Patients with TS showed reduced sleep efficiency, total sleep time/time in bed, and percentage of slow wave sleep, as well as significantly prolonged sleep latency, significantly increased percentage of N1, percentage of time awake, and increased number of awakenings and sleep stage changes/hour sleep period time. |
| Tic Disorders | Kostanecka-Endress et al 117 | 2003 | TS (17); children HC (16) | Two nights of PSG, CBCL sleep items (parent), semi structured interview with parents and patients | Children with TS demonstrated longer sleep period time, longer sleep latency, reduced sleep efficiency and prolonged wakefulness after sleep onset. Short arousal-related movements were increased in TS. |
| Tic Disorders | Kirov et al 89 | 2007 | TS (18) TS+ADHD (18) ADHD (18) HC (18) | Two nights of PSG | TS patients had lower sleep efficiency and elevated arousal index in sleep. TS+ADHD patients had reduced sleep efficiency, elevated arousal index and increase in REM sleep. |
| Tic Disorders | Kirov et al 118 | 2007 | TS+ADHD (19) HC (19) | Two nights of PSG | Shorter REM sleep latency and increased REM sleep duration in patients with TS+ADHD. |
| Tic Disorders | Stephens et al 88 | 2013 | TS (20) TS+ADHD (21) HC (16) ADHD (33) | Two nights of PSG, respiration belt | Total no of leg movements higher in TS+ADHD group compared with TS only. Children with TS and ADHD had a significant higher number of arousals from slow wave sleep and total arousals. |
| Tic Disorders | Kirov et al 119 | 2016 | TS (21) ADHD/TS (21) ADHD (24) HC (22) | Two nights of PSG | Increased REM sleep and shorted REM latency in children with psychiatric disorders than controls. |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BDI, Beck’s Depression Inventory; CD, cervical dystonia; DRD, dopamine-responsive dystonia; EMG, electromyography; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FEPS-2, Sleep-related Personality Traits Questionnaire; HC, healthy control; HPD, Hereditary Progressive Dystonia; NREM1/2/3, Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep stages; PLMS, Periodic Limb Movement during Sleep; PSG, polysomnography; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; RBD, Rapid Eye Movement sleep Behaviour Disorder; REM, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep; RLS, Restless leg syndrome; TD, torsion dystonia; TS, Tourette’s syndrome; v-PSG, video polysomnography.