Retinal neuronal changes
|
Peripapillary RNFL thickness |
Some studies showed reduced peripapillary RNFL, macular GC-IPL and GCC thicknesses, compared with controls But a few studies showed no differences in the measures, compared with controls and AD dementia A few studies also showed thickened peripapillary RNFL and macular GC-IPL thicknesses in MCI, compared with controls
|
Majority of studies and meta-analysis showed reduced peripapillary RNFL, macular GC-IPL and macular thicknesses, compared with controls But a few studies showed no differences in the measures, compare with controls A few studies also showed thickened peripapillary RNFL and macular GC-IPL thicknesses, compared with controls In a population-based study, reduced peripapillary RNFL associated with incident AD dementia
|
Retinal capillary changes
|
Vessel density and foveal avascular zone |
Majority of studies showed decreased vessel density and enlarged foveal avascular zone area, compared with controls But a few studies showed no differences in the measures, and one study showed increased vessel density in preclinical AD, compared with controls.
|
Majority of studies showed decreased vessel density and enlarged foveal avascular zone area, compared with controls But a few studies showed no differences in the measures.
|
Retinal arteriolar and venular changes
|
Vessel calibre (CRAE and CRVE) |
|
|
Fractal dimension |
|
|
Tortuosity |
|
|
Choroidal vasculature changes
|
Choroidal thickness |
|
Reduced choroidal thicknesses, compared with controls A larger reduction in choroidal thicknesses over a 12-month follow-up, compared with controls
|