Table 2

Longitudinal changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease without hallucinations (PD non-VH) and patients with hallucinations (PD-VH)

Cognitive testPD non-VH n=61PD-VH n=15PD non-VH n=61PD-VH n=15Statistic
General cognitionBaseline visitFollow-up visit (18 months)P value*
MOCA 28.0 (2.3) 27.6 (1.8) 28.1 (2.1) 25.5 (5.2) t=2.93
p=0.005
MMSE 29.0 (1.2) 28.9 (1.3) 29.1 (1.0) 27.7 (3.2) U=317.5
p=0.030
Motor symptoms
 UPDRS total score42.9 (19.4)57.8 (24.3)41.8 (6.3)58.4 (17.2)t=0.345
p=0.731
 UPDRS motor score22.7 (11.7)26.2 (15.2)21.7 (10.2)26.1 (10.2)t=0.244
p=0.808
 LEDD427.1 (220.1)431.0 (233.1)427.1 (220.1)431.0 (233.1)
Hallucinations
 Weekly visual hallucinations14 (93.3)12 (80.0)x2=0.001
p=0.985
 UM-PDHQ3.5 (2.9)3.7 (3.2)t=0.179
p=0.859
  • All data shown are mean (SD) except the presence of weekly visual hallucinations which is presented as n (%).

  • No difference was seen in any individual cognitive tests longitudinally between PD-VH and PD non-VH; results of individual cognitive tests per domain are presented in online supplemental table 2).

  • UM-PDHQ: University of Miami Parkinson’s disease Hallucinations Questionnaire: higher scores indicate more severe hallucinations.

  • *Statistical comparison of individual performance change (performance in follow-up visit – performance in baseline visit) for each metric; using t-test for normally distributed variables and Mann-Whitney for non-normally distributed variables. In bold characteristics that significantly differed in terms of change between visit 2 and baseline between groups.

  • LEDD, levodopa dose equivalence score; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VH, visual hallucination.