Longitudinal changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease without hallucinations (PD non-VH) and patients with hallucinations (PD-VH)
| Cognitive test | PD non-VH n=61 | PD-VH n=15 | PD non-VH n=61 | PD-VH n=15 | Statistic |
| General cognition | Baseline visit | Follow-up visit (18 months) | P value* | ||
| MOCA | 28.0 (2.3) | 27.6 (1.8) | 28.1 (2.1) | 25.5 (5.2) |
t=2.93
p=0.005 |
| MMSE | 29.0 (1.2) | 28.9 (1.3) | 29.1 (1.0) | 27.7 (3.2) |
U=317.5
p=0.030 |
| Motor symptoms | |||||
| UPDRS total score | 42.9 (19.4) | 57.8 (24.3) | 41.8 (6.3) | 58.4 (17.2) | t=0.345 p=0.731 |
| UPDRS motor score | 22.7 (11.7) | 26.2 (15.2) | 21.7 (10.2) | 26.1 (10.2) | t=0.244 p=0.808 |
| LEDD | 427.1 (220.1) | 431.0 (233.1) | 427.1 (220.1) | 431.0 (233.1) | – |
| Hallucinations | |||||
| Weekly visual hallucinations | – | 14 (93.3) | – | 12 (80.0) | x2=0.001 p=0.985 |
| UM-PDHQ | – | 3.5 (2.9) | – | 3.7 (3.2) | t=0.179 p=0.859 |
All data shown are mean (SD) except the presence of weekly visual hallucinations which is presented as n (%).
No difference was seen in any individual cognitive tests longitudinally between PD-VH and PD non-VH; results of individual cognitive tests per domain are presented in online supplemental table 2).
UM-PDHQ: University of Miami Parkinson’s disease Hallucinations Questionnaire: higher scores indicate more severe hallucinations.
*Statistical comparison of individual performance change (performance in follow-up visit – performance in baseline visit) for each metric; using t-test for normally distributed variables and Mann-Whitney for non-normally distributed variables. In bold characteristics that significantly differed in terms of change between visit 2 and baseline between groups.
LEDD, levodopa dose equivalence score; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VH, visual hallucination.