Adjusted HRs (95% CI) of all-cause dementia according to quartiles of the GMV-to-TMV ratio of the basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamus
| No of subjects | No of events | HR (95% CI) | |||
| Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 3§ | |||
| Cingulate GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (1.63–2.18) | 289 | 36 | 1.37 (0.76 to 2.46) | 1.35 (0.75 to 2.43) | 1.29 (0.72 to 2.34) |
| Q2 (2.19–2.28) | 290 | 35 | 1.50 (0.84 to 2.68) | 1.54 (0.86 to 2.76) | 1.54 (0.86 to 2.77) |
| Q3 (2.29–2.37) | 290 | 24 | 1.09 (0.59 to 2.02) | 1.17 (0.63 to 2.19) | 1.23 (0.66 to 2.30) |
| Q4 (2.38–2.72) | 289 | 18 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.19 | P for trend=0.26 | P for trend=0.36 | |||
| Hippocampal GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.45–0.77) | 289 | 56 | 3.42 (1.73 to 6.76)** | 3.62 (1.82 to 7.20)** | 3.21 (1.61 to 6.40)** |
| Q2 (0.78–0.81) | 290 | 27 | 1.92 (0.94 to 3.93) | 2.07 (1.01 to 4.24)* | 2.07 (1.01 to 4.26)* |
| Q3 (0.82–0.86) | 290 | 19 | 1.51 (0.71 to 3.20) | 1.51 (0.71 to 3.22) | 1.44 (0.67 to 3.09) |
| Q4 (0.87–1.01) | 289 | 11 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend <0.001 | P for trend <0.001 | P for trend <0.001 | |||
| Accumbens GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.04–0.08) | 289 | 52 | 2.69 (1.30 to 5.56)* | 2.61 (1.26 to 5.37)* | 2.11 (1.01 to 4.39)* |
| Q2 (0.09–0.09) | 290 | 28 | 1.66 (0.79 to 3.52) | 1.56 (0.74 to 3.31) | 1.40 (0.66 to 2.98) |
| Q3 (0.10–0.10) | 290 | 23 | 1.83 (0.86 to 3.87) | 1.87 (0.88 to 3.98) | 1.79 (0.84 to 3.81) |
| Q4 (0.11–0.14) | 289 | 10 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.01 | P for trend=0.01 | P for trend=0.08 | |||
| Amygdala GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.11–0.21) | 289 | 57 | 2.14 (1.16 to 3.93)* | 2.24 (1.22 to 4.13)* | 2.06 (1.12 to 3.78)* |
| Q2 (0.22–0.23) | 290 | 26 | 1.40 (0.74 to 2.67) | 1.45 (0.76 to 2.77) | 1.49 (0.78 to 2.84) |
| Q3 (0.24–0.24) | 290 | 15 | 0.91 (0.44 to 1.86) | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.82) | 0.88 (0.42 to 1.83) |
| Q4 (0.25–0.31) | 289 | 15 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.002 | P for trend=0.001 | P for trend=0.003 | |||
| Caudate GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.16–0.31) | 289 | 44 | 1.55 (0.81 to 2.98) | 1.47 (0.77 to 2.83) | 0.98 (0.49 to 1.93) |
| Q2 (0.32–0.37) | 290 | 34 | 1.56 (0.82 to 2.97) | 1.50 (0.79 to 2.88) | 1.20 (0.62 to 2.32) |
| Q3 (0.38–0.45) | 290 | 21 | 1.17 (0.59 to 2.31) | 1.14 (0.58 to 2.26) | 1.04 (0.52 to 2.06) |
| Q4 (0.46–0.86) | 289 | 14 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.14 | P for trend=0.19 | P for trend=0.93 | |||
| Pallidum GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.01–0.01) | 289 | 36 | 0.89 (0.56 to 1.42) | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.64) | 1.02 (0.62 to 1.66) |
| Q2 (0.01–0.02) | 290 | 20 | 0.63 (0.36 to 1.09) | 0.70 (0.40 to 1.23) | 0.75 (0.42 to 1.32) |
| Q3 (0.02–0.02) | 290 | 22 | 0.74 (0.43 to 1.27) | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.40) | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.41) |
| Q4 (0.03–0.08) | 289 | 35 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.56 | P for trend=0.93 | P for trend=0.99 | |||
| Putamen GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.08–0.33) | 289 | 46 | 1.19 (0.73 to 1.96) | 1.34 (0.81 to 2.22) | 1.10 (0.66 to 1.84) |
| Q2 (0.34–0.43) | 290 | 20 | 0.71 (0.40 to 1.28) | 0.73 (0.40 to 1.35) | 0.69 (0.37 to 1.27) |
| Q3 (0.44–0.51) | 290 | 20 | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.37) | 0.81 (0.45 to 1.46) | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.38) |
| Q4 (0.52–1.04) | 289 | 27 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.42 | P for trend=0.22 | P for trend=0.63 | |||
| Thalamus GMV/TBV (%) | |||||
| Q1 (0.40–0.64) | 289 | 48 | 1.49 (0.85 to 2.62) | 1.60 (0.90 to 2.85) | 1.19 (0.66 to 2.16) |
| Q2 (0.65–0.72) | 290 | 26 | 1.09 (0.60 to 2.00) | 1.07 (0.58 to 1.98) | 0.98 (0.53 to 1.82) |
| Q3 (0.73–0.79) | 290 | 20 | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.79) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.82) | 0.91 (0.48 to 1.74) |
| Q4 (0.80–1.15) | 289 | 19 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| P for trend=0.10 | P for trend=0.06 | P for trend=0.46 | |||
*P<0.05 vs Q4, **p<0.001 vs Q4.
†Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
‡Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, education status, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, diabetes mellitus, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, ECG abnormalities, cerebrovascular lesions on MRI, smoking habits, alcohol intake and regular exercise.
§Model 3: adjusted for the variables in model two plus TBV/ICV.
GMV, grey matter volume; ICV, intracranial volume; TBV, total brain volume.