Table 3

Completed and ongoing trials of anticoagulation timing after AF-associated ischaemic stroke

Study	Setting and status	Infarct size or severity criteria	Intervention	Control	Primary outcome
TIMING NCT02961348	Sweden (completed, 888 participants)	Any severity/size No specific exclusion for HT	Any NOAC 0–4 days	Any NOAC 5–10 days	Recurrent ischaemic stroke, sICH and all-cause mortality at 90 days
OPTIMAS NCT03759938	United Kingdom (ongoing, recruitment target=3478)	Any severity/size PH2 HT excluded	Any NOAC 0–4 days	Any NOAC 7–14 days	All-cause stroke and systemic embolism at 90 days
ELAN NCT03148457	Europe, Israel, Japan (ongoing, recruitment target=2000)	Infarct size determines intervention timing* PH1 and PH2 HT excluded	Any NOAC Minor-moderate stroke: <48 hours Major stroke: 6–7 days	Any NOAC Minor-moderate stroke: 6–7 days Major stroke: 12–14 days	Recurrent ischaemic stroke, major intracranial and extracranial bleeding, systemic embolism and vascular death at 30 days
START NCT03021928	United States (ongoing, recruitment target n=1000)	If infarct size assessable on imaging: infarcts <1.5 cm diameter or >1/2 size of MCA territory excluded If not: NIHSS <5 or >23 excluded	Any NOAC Adaptive design with four study arms: 48–72 hours, 120–144 hours, 216–240 hours, 312–336 hours,		Recurrent ischaemic stroke, sICH, systemic embolism and all-cause mortality at 30 days

*Infarct size classified as minor (<1.5 cm diameter), moderate (cortical superficial branch of ACA, MCA or PCA, deep MCA branch, internal borderzone territory or multiple minor lesions) or major (complete ACA, MCA, or PCA, or multiple branches of ACA, MCA or PCA, or multiple arterial territories, or posterior circulation lesion ≥1.5 cm diameter).
ACA, anterior cerebral artery; AF, atrial fibrillation; HT, Haemorrhagic transformation; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; NOACs, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants; PCA, posterior cerebral artery.