Overall cause-specific standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) in persons with multiple sclerosis for selected* underlying causes of death (UCoDs)
| Observed | Expected | SMR | 95% CI | |
| Neoplasms (total) | 144 | 147.5 | 1.0 | 0.82 to 1.15 |
| Malignant neoplasm of colon. rectum and anus | 23 | 18.8 | 1.2 | 0.78 to 1.84 |
| Malignant neoplasm of trachea. bronchus. lung | 30 | 28.5 | 1.1 | 0.71 to 1.5 |
| Malignant neoplasm of breast | 10 | 14.3 | 0.7 | 0.34 to 1.29 |
| Diseases of the nervous system and the sense organs (total) | 510 | 14.7 | 34.6† | 31.7 to 37.8 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 473 | 1.9 | 248.9† | 222.4 to 267.0 |
| Epilepsy | 28 | 1.3 | 22.4† | 14.9 to 32.3 |
| Diseases of the circulatory system (total) | 148 | 129.4 | 1.1 | 0.97 to 1.34 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 55 | 45.4 | 1.2 | 0.91 to 1.58 |
| Other ischaemic heart diseases | 23 | 19.9 | 1.2 | 0.73 to 1.73 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 35 | 29.4 | 1.2 | 0.83 to 1.65 |
| Diseases of the respiratory system (total) | 49 | 30.9 | 1.6‡ | 1.17 to 2.09 |
| Pneumonia | 21 | 9.2 | 2.3‡ | 1.14 to 3.49 |
| Other chronic lower respiratory diseases | 18 | 16.2 | 1.1 | 0.66 to 1.75 |
| Diseases of the digestive system (total) | 16 | 13.4 | 1.2 | 0.68 to 1.94 |
| External causes of morbidity and mortality (total) | 29 | 32.2 | 0.9 | 0.60 to 1.30 |
| Accidents | 18 | 20.3 | 0.9 | 0.53 to 1.40 |
| Suicide and intentional self-harm | 11 | 10.5 | 1.0 | 0.52 to 1.87 |
| Unknown underlying cause of death | 32 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
*The following main categories according to the European Shortlist for Causes of Death (ESLCoD) are not reported (see Methods); infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, mental and behavioural disorders, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, diseases of the musculoskeletal system/connective tissue, diseases of the genitourinary system, complications of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities and symptoms, signs, ill-defined causes.
†p<0.001.
‡p<0.01.