Table 1

Table of study characteristics observational studies

Author, year of PublicationCountryType of studyReferral settingInterventionStudy durationPatient sample size (N)Clinician sample size (N)Patient inclusion criteria
Balasa et al, 2013SpainProspective observational studySpecialist outpatient clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2009–2013157NRPatients <65 years
Boelaarts et al, 202031 The NetherlandsProspective observational StudyCommunity geriatric outpatient clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2010–201669NRPatients <71 years
Cognat et al, 201932 FranceProspective observational study29 secondary and tertiary memory clinicsLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2012–2014153128Initial diagnosis of MCI
Duits et al, 201533 The NetherlandsProspective observational studyMemory clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2011–20123515All patients visiting the clinic
van den Brink et al, 2020CanadaRetrospective observational studySpecialist memory clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau and FDG-PET2017–201928NRAtypical dementia presentations
Falgàs et al, 201934 SpainProspective observational studySpecialist memory clinicPatients underwent biomarkers which included MRI, LP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau, FDG-PET, amyloid PETNot reported405<65 years of age, MMSE score ≥18
Gjerum et al, 202146 DenmarkRetrospective observation incremental studyMemory clinicPatients randomised to addition of either 2-(18F)FDG-PET or CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2015–2016812Cognitive impairment due to neurodegenerative disease (MMSE≥18, CDR≥1.0, undergone T1-weighted MRI≥1.5 T, addition of CSF biomarkers deemed useful by clinician)
Gooblar et al, 201541 USAStudy using simulated clinical vignettesPrimary, secondary and tertiary centresSimulated CSF valuesJanuary–July 201321932 Simulated clinical vignettes
Handels et al, 201742 The NetherlandsCost-effectiveness analysisNASimulated CSF valuesNANANASimulated patients with MCI
Kester et al, 201035 The NetherlandsProspective observational studyOne local hospital memory clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2005–20081092All patients visiting the clinic
Lee et al, 201743 CanadaCost-effectiveness analysisNASimulated CSF valuesNANANASimulated patients with suspected AD
Mouton-Liger et al, 201436 FranceProspective observational studysecondary or tertiary memory centresLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tauNot specified561128When a clinician considered a patient eligible for CSF biomarkers
Paquet et al, 201637 FranceProspective observational Study29 Secondary and tertiary memory clinicsLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2014–201669128Initial main diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder
Ramusino et al, 2019ItalyProspective studyMulticentre, 4 memory clinicsLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau and amyloid-PET2015–2017712MCI or mild dementia possibly due to AD, age range 55–90 years, score <4 on the modified Hachinski ischemic scale At least 5 years of education
Stiffel et al, 202139 CanadaProspective observational studyA tertiary care memory clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2015–2020262NRParticipants included if basic tertiary care work-up, neuropsychological evaluation and FDG-PET did not provide conclusive diagnosis
Valcárcel-Nazco et al, 201444 SpainCost-effectiveness analysis—economic evaluationNASimulated CSF valuesNANANASimulated patients with MCI and other dementias
Ye et al, 202140 ChinaProspective observational studyNeurology clinicLP for CSF biomarkers: Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau2015–2019137Not reportedAll patients visiting the clinic

  • AD, Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ42, amyloid beta 42; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; LP, lumbar puncture; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; NR, not reported; P-tau, phospho-tau; T-tau, total tau.