Table 3

Comparison of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric variables between MS-COVID and MS-NCOVID patients at follow-up

VariableNMS-COVID
(n=136)
MS-NCOVID
(n=186)
P-value*
Median Z Verbal Memory, median (IQR)3020.58 (−1.15; 0.08)0.86 (−1.58; −0.07)0.18†
Median Z Visual Memory, median (IQR)3010.06 (−0.75; 0.68)0.18 (−0.86; 0.55)1.00†
Median Z IPS, median (IQR)2990.25 (−0.78; 1.11)0.15 (−0.91; 0.48)1.00†
Median Z Attention, median (IQR)2220.33 (−0.94; 0.31)0.61 (−0.99; −0.02)1.00†
Median Z Verbal fluency, median (IQR)3000.21 (−0.90; 0.48)0.38 (−1.07; 0.18)1.00†
Median Z Global, median (IQR)2220.12 (−0.61; 0.28)0.27 (−0.66; 0.08)1.00†
Cognitive impairment, number (%)30128 (22.1%)40 (23.0%)1.00‡
MFIS Fatigue, number (%)30845 (34.6%)67 (37.6%)1.00‡
Median MFIS score, median (IQR)30831 (16.25; 41)30 (17.25; 44.75)1.00†
HADS Anxiety, number (%)30645 (35.2%)65 (36.5%)1.00‡
Median HADS Anxiety score, median (IQR)3066 (3;9)5.5 (3;9)1.00†
HADS Depression, number (%)30618 (14.1%)29 (16.3%)1.00‡
Median HADS Depression score, median (IQR)3063 (1;6)3 (2;6)1.00†
PSQI Poor quality sleep, number (%)30978 (60.0%)103 (57.5%)1.00‡
Median PSQI score, median (IQR)3097 (4;9.75)6 (4;9)1.00†
IES_R PTSD, number (%)30818 (13.9%)26 (14.6%)1.00‡
Median IES_R score, median (IQR)3088 (2;19)11 (3;24.75)1.00†
  • *P-values were adjusted with Bonferroni’s correction to account for multiple testing.

  • †Median regression adjusted for age and sex.

  • ‡Logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.

  • HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IES_R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; IPS, information processing speed; MFIS, Modified Impact Fatigue Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTDS, post-traumatic stress disorder.