Comparison of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric variables between MS-COVID and MS-NCOVID patients at follow-up
| Variable | N | MS-COVID (n=136) | MS-NCOVID (n=186) | P-value* |
| Median Z Verbal Memory, median (IQR) | 302 | 0.58 (−1.15; 0.08) | 0.86 (−1.58; −0.07) | 0.18† |
| Median Z Visual Memory, median (IQR) | 301 | 0.06 (−0.75; 0.68) | 0.18 (−0.86; 0.55) | 1.00† |
| Median Z IPS, median (IQR) | 299 | 0.25 (−0.78; 1.11) | 0.15 (−0.91; 0.48) | 1.00† |
| Median Z Attention, median (IQR) | 222 | 0.33 (−0.94; 0.31) | 0.61 (−0.99; −0.02) | 1.00† |
| Median Z Verbal fluency, median (IQR) | 300 | 0.21 (−0.90; 0.48) | 0.38 (−1.07; 0.18) | 1.00† |
| Median Z Global, median (IQR) | 222 | 0.12 (−0.61; 0.28) | 0.27 (−0.66; 0.08) | 1.00† |
| Cognitive impairment, number (%) | 301 | 28 (22.1%) | 40 (23.0%) | 1.00‡ |
| MFIS Fatigue, number (%) | 308 | 45 (34.6%) | 67 (37.6%) | 1.00‡ |
| Median MFIS score, median (IQR) | 308 | 31 (16.25; 41) | 30 (17.25; 44.75) | 1.00† |
| HADS Anxiety, number (%) | 306 | 45 (35.2%) | 65 (36.5%) | 1.00‡ |
| Median HADS Anxiety score, median (IQR) | 306 | 6 (3;9) | 5.5 (3;9) | 1.00† |
| HADS Depression, number (%) | 306 | 18 (14.1%) | 29 (16.3%) | 1.00‡ |
| Median HADS Depression score, median (IQR) | 306 | 3 (1;6) | 3 (2;6) | 1.00† |
| PSQI Poor quality sleep, number (%) | 309 | 78 (60.0%) | 103 (57.5%) | 1.00‡ |
| Median PSQI score, median (IQR) | 309 | 7 (4;9.75) | 6 (4;9) | 1.00† |
| IES_R PTSD, number (%) | 308 | 18 (13.9%) | 26 (14.6%) | 1.00‡ |
| Median IES_R score, median (IQR) | 308 | 8 (2;19) | 11 (3;24.75) | 1.00† |
*P-values were adjusted with Bonferroni’s correction to account for multiple testing.
†Median regression adjusted for age and sex.
‡Logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IES_R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; IPS, information processing speed; MFIS, Modified Impact Fatigue Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTDS, post-traumatic stress disorder.