Primary and secondary outcomes in the Tai Chi and control groups
| Measure | Tai Chi, mean (SD) | Control, mean (SD) | Between-group difference of annual rate in mean change from baseline | ||
| Tai Chi vs control | P value | Maximum P value* | |||
| UPDRS - total score (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 2.960 (0.70) | 4.907 (0.93) | −1.95 (−2.13 to –1.76) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 3.005 (0.72) | 4.975 (0.93) | −1.97 (−2.15 to –1.78) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 3.007 (0.70) | 4.975 (0.94) | −1.97 (−2.15 to –1.78) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| UPDRS Part III (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 1.751 (0.69) | 3.482 (1.03) | −1.73 (−1.93 to –1.54) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 2.052 (0.77) | 3.989 (1.00) | −1.94 (−2.13 to –1.74) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 2.192 (0.72) | 4.135 (0.99) | −1.94 (−2.14 to –1.75) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TUG (second/year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 0.521 (0.11) | 0.856 (0.21) | −0.34 (−0.37 to –0.30) | <0.001 | 0.013† |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 0.546 (0.09) | 0.810 (0.16) | −0.26 (−0.29 to –0.23) | <0.001 | 0.013† |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 0.552 (0.08) | 0.777 (0.14) | −0.22 (−0.25 to –0.20) | <0.001 | 0.013† |
| BBS (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | −0.551 (0.76) | −1.744 (0.57) | 1.19 (1.05 to 1.34) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | −0.570 (0.55) | −1.582 (0.44) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.12) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | −0.597 (0.46) | −1.421 (0.39) | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.92) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| NMS-Quest (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 0.796 (0.46) | 1.459 (0.46) | −0.66 (−0.76 to –0.56) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 0.750 (0.37) | 1.355 (0.42) | −0.61 (−0.69 to –0.52) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 0.730 (0.33) | 1.248 (0.37) | −0.52 (−0.60 to –0.44) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| PDSS (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | −1.676 (0.55) | −2.813 (0.84) | 1.14 (0.98 to 1.30) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | −1.512 (0.49) | −2.325 (0.63) | 0.81 (0.69 to 0.94) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | −1.490 (0.45) | −2.145 (0.52) | 0.66 (0.55 to 0.76) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ESS (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 0.559 (0.35) | 0.959 (0.48) | −0.40 (−0.49 to –0.31) | <0.001 | 0.036† |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 0.561 (0.30) | 0.848 (0.36) | −0.29 (−0.36 to –0.21) | <0.001 | 0.036† |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 0.575 (0.27) | 0.820 (0.33) | −0.24 (−0.31 to –0.18) | <0.001 | 0.036† |
| HAMA (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 0.749 (0.50) | 1.180 (0.53) | −0.43 (−0.54 to –0.32) | 0.001 | 0.050† |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 0.705 (0.40) | 1.006 (0.42) | −0.30 (−0.39 to –0.21) | 0.001 | 0.050† |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 0.715 (0.35) | 0.961 (0.37) | −0.25 (−0.33 to –0.17) | 0.001 | 0.050† |
| HAMD (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 0.859 (0.38) | 1.375 (0.41) | −0.52 (−0.60 to –0.43) | <0.001 | 0.006† |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 0.804 (0.29) | 1.171 (0.32) | −0.37 (−0.43 to –0.30) | <0.001 | 0.006† |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 0.774 (0.26) | 1.081 (0.30) | −0.31 (−0.37 to –0.24) | <0.001 | 0.006† |
| PDCRS total score (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | −0.746 (1.13) | −3.266 (0.75) | 2.52 (2.32 to 2.72) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | −1.016 (0.86) | −2.758 (0.57) | 1.74 (1.59 to 1.90) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | −1.220 (0.74) | −2.630 (0.50) | 1.41 (1.28 to 1.54) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PDCRS - frontal cortical score (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | −0.576 (1.16) | −2.682 (0.49) | 2.11 (1.92 to 2.29) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | −0.754 (0.85) | −2.219 (0.42) | 1.47 (1.33 to 1.61) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | −0.879 (0.74) | −2.067 (0.39) | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.31) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PDCRS - posterior cortical score (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | −0.170 (0.25) | −0.584 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.33 to 0.50) | 0.002 | 0.041† |
| Follow-up in 2020 | −0.262 (0.23) | −0.540 (0.37) | 0.28 (0.21 to 0.35) | 0.002 | 0.041† |
| Follow-up in 2021 | −0.342 (0.23) | −0.563 (0.31) | 0.22 (0.16 to 0.28) | 0.002 | 0.041† |
| SCOPA-AUT (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 0.940 (0.34) | 1.735 (0.49) | −0.79 (−0.89 to –0.70) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 0.806 (0.28) | 1.369 (0.35) | −0.56 (−0.63 to –0.49) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 0.789 (0.26) | 1.250 (0.30) | −0.46 (−0.52 to –0.40) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PDQ39 (per year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 3.439 (1.08) | 5.769 (1.51) | −2.33 (−2.62 to –2.04) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 2.895 (0.84) | 4.558 (1.12) | −1.66 (−1.88 to –1.44) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 2.596 (0.67) | 3.987 (0.95) | −1.39 (−1.57 to –1.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LEDD (mg/ year) | |||||
| Follow-up in 2019 | 282.50 (190.97) | 410.20 (247.71) | −127.73 (–176.70 to –78.76) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2020 | 228.42 (135.79) | 434.10 (151.11) | −205.65 (–237.15 to –174.15) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up in 2021 | 203.99 (106.21) | 436.80 (99.37) | −232.85 (–255.14 to –210.56) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
*This is the maximum p value after using the bootstrap method.
†The p value was not significant after Bonferroni correction.
BBS, Berg Balance scale; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dosage; NMQuest, Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire; PDCRS, Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PDQ-39, 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; PDSS, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; SCOPA-AUT, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic questionnaire; TUG, Timed Up and Go test; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.