Baseline data
| Surgical group | Non-surgical group | |
| Patients, n (%) | 1329 (66.6) | 666 (33.3) |
| Age at inclusion (years) | 27.2 (0.2–74.9) | 30.1 (1.2–70.7) |
| <18 years, n (%) | 431 (32.4) | 123 (18.5) |
| Age at epilepsy onset (years) | 12.2 (0–58.0) | 14.0 (0–57.0) |
| Duration of epilepsy (years) | 13.3 (0–57.0) | 15.4 (0–63.0) |
| Male, n (%) | 670 (50.9) | 328 (49.2) |
| Repeated surgery, n (%) | 164 (12.3) | NA |
| Seizures/month | ||
| Mean, median (range) | 70.1, 12.0 (0.1–10 000) | 34.6, 8.0 (0.1–1600) |
| 0–5, n (%) | 387 (30) | 216 (39) |
| 6–20, n (%) | 436 (33) | 186 (34) |
| >20, n (%) | 492 (37) | 152 (27) |
| TCS, n (%) | 531 (40.0) | 268 (47.4) |
| Living alone*, n (%) | 227 (26.0) | 142 (30.1) |
| Highest achieved education†, n (%) | ||
| University | 113 (12.8) | 77 (16.5) |
| High school | 422 (47.6) | 222 (47.5) |
| Compulsory school | 295 (33.3) | 153 (32.8) |
| Adapted schooling for students with ID | 56 (6.3) | 15 (3.2) |
| Total number of tried ASMs, n (%) | ||
| <2 ASM | 295 (22.2) | 42 (9.4) |
| >3 ASM | 1031 (77.8) | 407 (90.6) |
| Type of resection, n (%) | ||
| Temporal lobe | 874 (65.8) | NA |
| Frontal lobe | 240 (18.1) | NA |
| Parietal, occipital lobe or insula | 106 (7.9) | NA |
| Multilobar resection | 48 (3.5) | NA |
| Hemispherectomy | 44 (3.3) | NA |
| Disconnection of hypothalamic hamartoma | 17 (1.3) | NA |
| Histopathology, n (%) | ||
| LEATs, meningioma and cavernous hemangioma | 337 (25.4) | NA |
| Mesial sclerosis and other gliosis | 514 (38.7) | NA |
| Any malformation of cortical development | 290 (21.8) | NA |
| Other, including AVM | 121 (9.1) | NA |
| Missing/not performed/normal | 67 (5.0) | NA |
| Last follow-up timepoint, n (%) | ||
| 2 years | 391 (32.1) | NA |
| 5 years | 215 (17.7) | NA |
| 10 years | 206 (16.9) | NA |
| 15 years | 204 (16.7) | NA |
| 20 years | 202 (16.6) | NA |
Unless otherwise indicated, data are presented as mean (range).
The subgrouping of variables for seizure frequency and ASM is arbitrary for descriptive purposes only.
LEATs=ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma grade II, oligodendroglioma grade II, pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma grade II and neurocytoma.
*Children<18 years excluded.
†Children 0–16 years excluded.
ASM, antiseizure medication; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; ID, intellectual disabilities; LEATs, long-term epilepsy-associated tumours; TCS, tonic–clonic seizures.