Association between each indication for ASMs and miscarriage, in the whole cohort (N=1 023 787)
| Indication | N miscarriages | Total pregnancies | Per cent | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Fully adjusted* HR (95% CI) |
| No epilepsy | 123 669 | 1 010 553 | 12.24 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Epilepsy | 1755 | 13 234 | 13.26 | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.15) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) |
| No bipolar or other psychiatric conditions | 75 415 | 653 744 | 11.54 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Bipolar or other psychiatric conditions | 50 009 | 370 043 | 13.51 | 1.18 (1.17 to 1.20) | 1.11 (1.10 to 1.13) |
| No somatic conditions | 106 901 | 889 312 | 12.02 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Somatic conditions | 18 523 | 134 475 | 13.77 | 1.15 (1.13 to 1.17) | 1.06 (1.05 to 1.08) |
*Adjusted for: maternal age, year of pregnancy start, IMD, history of pregnancy loss, other ASM indication.
ASM, antiseizure medications ; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation.