Table 1

Studies describing the proportion of patients with FND reporting pain.

Author (year)Type(s) of FNDPatients with FND reporting painPatients in control/reference group reporting painRisk of bias (score on NOS)
Geroin (2022)67 FMD72/100 (72%)Low (7)
Mostile (2022)22 FMD104/188 (55%)Low (7)
Delgado (2022)68 FMD64/100 (64%)Moderate (4)
Massot-Tarrús (2022)12 FS33/194 (17%)FS and epilepsy=6/47 (13%)Low (7)
Gray (2021)37 FD29/29 (100%)High (2)
Lagrand (2021)15 FMD197/320 (62%)Other hyperkinetic movement disorders=150/554 (27%)Low (7)
Tinazzi (2021)18 FMDFD=18/38 (47%); FW=22/58 (38%); FGD=5/17 (29%); FJ=5/23 (22%); FT=7/40 (18%)Moderate (5)
Stephen (2021)40 FD65/85 (76%)Other dystonias=24/80 (30%)Low (7)
Katyal (2021)10 FS72/149 (48%)Epilepsy=38/230 (17%)Low (8)
O'Connell (2020)69 mFND46/98 (47%)Low (7)
Aybek (2020)70 FMDUK=79/100 (79%); Canada=50/90 (56%)Moderate (4)
Stone (2020)38 FWChronic back pain=43/107 (40%)Patients with other neurological disease and healthy controls=14/85 (16%)Moderate (6)
Linden (2020)27 FNDFirst World War soldiers=91/436 (21%); male civilians=47/153 (31%); female civilians=156/321 (49%)Moderate (6)
Tomić (2020)71 FMDAffected body part=67/100 (67%); unaffected body part=50/100 (50%)Low (8)
Tinazzi (2020)17 FMD172/410 (42%)Low (8)
Jimenez (2019)52 FNDBack=26/49 (53%); neck=15/49 (31%); joint=9/49 (19%); neuropathic=8/49 (16%); myofascial=6/49 (12%); abdominal=6/49 (12%)Moderate (4)
Petrović (2018)20 FD34/48 (71%)Moderate (6)
Kerr (2017)7 FS30/332 (9%)FS and epilepsy=7/53 (13%); epilepsy=25/750 (3%)Low (8)
Erba (2017)72 FSPhysical pain after seizure=10/17 (59%)Epilepsy=1/11 (9%)Moderate (6)
Matin (2017)73 FMD22/100 (22%)Low (8)
Perez (2016)74 FND15/49 (31%)Low (8)
Elliott (2014)8 FS117/324 (36%)FS and epilepsy=23/84 (27%); epilepsy=35/281 (13%)Low (8)
Thomas (2013)26 FS60/86 (70%)Moderate (4)
Gazzola (2012)11 FS40/85 (47%)Idiopathic generalised epilepsy=10/85 (12%)Moderate (6)
Ibrahim (2009)75 FD3/35 (9%)Moderate (5)
Dworetzky (2005)9 FS19/22 (86%)Epilepsy=13/26 (50%)Moderate (6)
Schrag (2004)21 FD38/41 (93%)Moderate (5)
Stone (2004)24 FMS; FSFMS=15/30 (50%); FS=6/20 (30%)Moderate (6)
Birket-Smith (2002)76 FND37/38 (97%)Moderate (6)
Ettinger (1999)23 FS43/56 (77%)Moderate (4)
Barry (1998)77 FS11/37 (30%)Moderate (5)
Lempert (1990)78 FS8/50 (16%)Moderate (6)
  • FD, functional dystonia; FGD, functional gait disorder; FJ, functional jerks; FMD, functional movement disorder; FMS, functional movement symptoms; FND, functional neurological disorder; FS, functional seizures; FT, functional tremor; FW, functional weakness; mFND, motor FND; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale .