Studies describing the prognostic relationship between pain and FND, and pain-related treatment paradigms for FND.
| Author (year) | Treatment paradigm / follow-up | Pain measurement | Risk of bias (score on NOS) |
| Gelauff (2019)13 | Follow-up | Median SF-36 bodily pain (107 patients with FMD): Baseline=33/100 (IQR=35) Follow-up (mean 14 years)=20/100 (IQR=20) | Low (8) |
| Jennum (2019)45 | Follow-up | Rheumatism-related pain in patients with FS: In 3 years prediagnosis=19/455 (4%) In 3 years postdiagnosis=26/472 (6%) | Low (8) |
| Pleizier (2017)28 | Follow-up with neurologist vs GP | Pain scores at 12 months in immediate GP management group (100 patients with FNS): Mean VAS pain=42.22/100 (SD=26.56); mean PCS=13.61/52 (SD=12.86); mean SF-36 bodily pain=50.14/100 (SD=25.40) Pain scores at 12 months in initial neurologist management group (95 patients with FNS): Mean VAS pain 48.17/100 (SD=25.98); mean PCS=14.81/52 (SD=12.51); mean SF-36 bodily pain=49.55/100 (SD=27.64) | Low (8) |
| Stephen (2021)40 | Pain medication | Opiate/opioid use in patients with FD=25/85 (29%) | Low (7) |
| Gazzola (2012)11 | Pain medication | Prescription pain medication use in patients with FS=20/85 (24%); opiates=12/85 (14%) | Moderate (6) |
| Hantke (2007)51 | Pain medication | Analgesic use in patients with FS=79/170 (47%); ‘narcotic analgesics’=55/170 (32%) | Low (8) |
| Gandolfi (2022)35 | Physiotherapy | Mean BPI in telemedicine group (32 patients with FMD): Before 5-day programme=20.69/40 (SD=14.8) intensity; 31.13/70 (SD=24.21) interference After 12-week telemedicine programme=15.44/40 (SD=13.30) intensity; 20.84/70 (SD=20.76) interference Mean BPI in self-management group (32 patients with FMD): Before 5-day programme=17.91/40 (SD=12.04) intensity; 27.47/70 (SD=24.82) interference After 12-week self-management programme=18.63/40 (SD=13.11) intensity; 27.88/70 (SD=24.57) interference | Moderate (6) |
| Gray (2021)37 | Physiotherapy | Patients with FD receiving physiotherapy without improvement in pain=22/29 (76%) Patients with FD and worsening pain following surgery=6/12 (50%) | High (2) |
| Nielsen (2017)29 | Physiotherapy | Mean SF-36 bodily pain in intervention group (30 patients with FMS): Baseline=45.6/100 (SD=33.5) At 6 months=47.4/100 (SD=33.1) Mean SF-36 bodily pain in control group (30 patients with FMS): Baseline=32.1/100 (SD=25.3) At 6 months=33.9/100 (SD=27.4) | Low (8) |
| Van der Feltz-Cornelis (2020)34 | Psychotherapy | 38 patients with FND who completed treatment and BPI: Mean BPI at baseline=5.68/10 (SD=2.60); post-treatment=5.58/10 (SD=2.51) Patients with pain medication use (except opiates) = 24/64 (38%); opiates=12/64 (19%) | Moderate (6) |
| Reuber (2007)30 | Psychotherapy | 63 patients with FNS: Mean SF-36 bodily pain pretherapy=5.9/11 (SD=2.7); post-therapy=6.0/11 (SD=2.8) | Moderate (6) |
| Gandolfi (2021)36 | Psychotherapy and physiotherapy | Mean BPI of 33 patients with FMD: On admission=19.21/40 (SD=11.92) intensity; 33.58/70 (SD=24.89) interference At 5 day discharge=17.61/40 (SD=11.89) intensity; 27.70/70 (SD=24.16) interference At 3-month follow-up=20.15/40 (SD=12.01) intensity; 33.61/70 (SD=23.16) interference | Low (7) |
| Jimenez (2019)52 | Multidisciplinary pain programme | Mean PDI of 49 patients with FND: preintervention=46.4/70; postintervention=20.9/70 | Moderate (4) |
BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; FD, functional dystonia; FMD, functional movement disorder; FMS, functional movement symptoms; FND, functional neurological disorder; FNS, functional neurological symptoms; FS, functional seizures; GP, general practitioner; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale ; PCS, Pain Catastrophising Scale; PDI, Pain Disability Index; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.