Regular ArticleInhibitory Control during Sentence Comprehension in Individuals with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type☆,☆☆,★
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Bilingual language intrusions and other speech errors in Alzheimer's disease
2017, Brain and CognitionCitation Excerpt :Based primarily on neuroimaging studies of language switching (largely without sentence context), Abutalebi and Green (2007), Abutalebi and Green (2008; Green & Abutalebi, 2013; see also Grundy, Anderson, & Bialystok, 2017; Luk, Green, Abutalebi, & Grady, 2012) proposed that inhibition is a critical cognitive mechanism needed to maintain control over bilingual language selection, and defined a Language Control Network comprising the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), left caudate nucleus (LCN), superior marginal gyrus (SMG), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). These and adjacent regions are also recruited for nonlinguistic control tasks (De Baene, Duyck, Brass, & Carreiras, 2015; Garbin et al., 2010; Weissberger, Gollan, Bondi, Clark, & Wierenga, 2015), are known to support monitoring and switching (e.g., Gurd et al., 2002; Hedden & Gabrieli, 2010), and are often impaired in AD (Faust, Balota, Duchek, Gernsbacher, & Smith, 1997; Hutchison, Balota, & Duchek, 2010; Troyer, Moscovitch, & Winocur, 1997). Our interpretation of the error patterns observed above implies that these same brain regions can function relatively well in AD when supported by context, and fail only when taxed by the most difficult control tasks (i.e., inhibition of the dominant language was spared, but the ability to toggle inhibition on and off rapidly to allow production of a few dominant language targets embedded in connected non-dominant language speech was impaired).
Selective attention deficits in early and moderate stage Parkinson's disease
2012, Neuroscience LettersCitation Excerpt :However, since RTs were generally longer for the PD patients, we thought it useful to use ratios to examine specific effects that are not influenced by overall reaction time. Ratio score transformations have proven effective in uncovering group effects in processes, in a manner that is independent of global slowing [10]. Consequently, we calculated a ratio score transformation for each participant by dividing the mean RT, determined under each condition, by the participant's overall RT (Table 2b) for each of the 3 attentional networks.
Rigorous development of prompting dialogues
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The initial portion of the research reported in this article was supported by a National Institute on Aging grant (AG08820) to Stan Smith, by an Alzheimer's Disease Center of Oregon grant to Mark Faust and Stan Smith, and by an endowment to the Wheeler Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory by Coleman and Cornelia Wheeler. The final portion of the research and the manuscript were completed while Dr. Faust was a Research Fellow at the Washington University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (P50 AG05681). During this period Dr. Faust was supported by Grants R01 AG10193 and P01 AG03991 from the National Institute on Aging to Dr. David Balota and by ADRC Gift funds. The authors thank Lori Kennedy and Kris Kuhlemeier for their help in testing the participants. The authors also thank Dr. Leonard Berg and Dr. John Morris and the physicians associated with Washington University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center for providing their time and expertise in diagnosing individuals with DAT.
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Address reprint requests to Mark Faust, at the Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Life Sciences Building, Room 320, Mobile, AL, 36688-0002. E-mail: [email protected].
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G. H. Bower