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Clinic-Based Cases with Frontotemporal Dementia Show Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and High Apolipoprotein E ε4 Frequency, but No Tau Gene Mutations

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Abstract

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) belongs to a group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies, characterized by intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain. Some tauopathies, like Alzheimer's disease (AD), consistently show increased levels of tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, similar studies in FTD populations have shown variable results, although mutations in the tau gene are identified as causes of disease in certain FTD families. In the present study, a Swedish clinic-based FTD population was investigated with respect to CSF tau levels, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype distribution and occurrence of mutations in the tau gene. CSF tau levels were significantly increased among FTD patients (534 ± 235 pg tau/ml, P < 0.001) (n = 47) compared to controls (316 ± 137 pg tau/ml) (n = 51). Furthermore, a strong increase in the APOE ε4 allele frequency was found in the FTD population, as 52% were ε4 carriers, compared to 21% of the controls. However, no mutations in the tau gene were identified. These findings support the present notion of a common pathogenic pathway in the disease processes for several tauopathies, with both APOE ε4 and CSF tau being a pathological link between the different disorders. Furthermore, we conclude that mutations in the tau gene are a rare cause of FTD.

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