Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, leading to a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Interestingly, non-motor symptoms often appear a decade or more before the first signs of motor symptoms. Some of these non-motor symptoms are remarkably similar to those observed in cases of impaired neurogenesis and several PD-related genes have been shown to play a role in embryonic or adult neurogenesis. Indeed, animal models deficient in Nurr1, Pitx3, SNCA and PINK1 display deregulated embryonic neurogenesis and LRRK2 and VPS35 have been implicated in neuronal development-related processes such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, adult neurogenesis is affected in both PD patients and PD animal models and is regulated by dopamine and dopaminergic (DA) receptors, by chronic neuroinflammation, such as that observed in PD, and by differential expression of wild-type or mutant forms of PD-related genes. Indeed, an increasing number of in vivo studies demonstrate a role for SNCA and LRRK2 in adult neurogenesis and in the generation and maintenance of DA neurons. Finally, the roles of PD-related genes, SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 have been studied in NSCs, progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating a role for some of these genes in stem/progenitor cell proliferation and maintenance. Together, these studies strongly suggest a link between deregulated neurogenesis and the onset and progression of PD and present strong evidence that, in addition to a neurodegenerative disorder, PD can also be regarded as a developmental disorder.
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Abbreviations
- 6-OHDA:
-
6-Hydroxydopamine
- aPKC:
-
Atypical protein kinase C
- DA:
-
Dopaminergic
- DG:
-
Dentate gyrus
- DKO:
-
Double knockout
- dNB:
-
Drosophila neuroblasts
- ESC:
-
Embryonic stem cell
- iPSC:
-
Induced pluripotent stem cell
- KD:
-
Knockdown
- KO:
-
Knockout
- LRRK2:
-
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
- MPTP:
-
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- NB:
-
Neuroblast
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappaB
- NPC:
-
Neural progenitor cell
- NSC:
-
Neural stem cell
- OB:
-
Olfactory bulb
- PCNA:
-
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PINK1:
-
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- RMS:
-
Rostral migratory stream
- SN:
-
Substantia nigra
- SNpc:
-
Substantia nigra pars compacta
- SNCA:
-
α-Synuclein
- SGZ:
-
Subgranular zone
- SVZ:
-
Subventricular zone
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- VPS35:
-
Vacuolar protein sorting 35
- WT:
-
Wild type
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This work was supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg (FNR). Jaclyn Nicole Le Grand and Laura Gonzalez-Cano are supported by fellowships from the FNR (AFR, Aides à la Formation-Recherche).
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Le Grand, J.N., Gonzalez-Cano, L., Pavlou, M.A. et al. Neural stem cells in Parkinson’s disease: a role for neurogenesis defects in onset and progression. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 773–797 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1774-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1774-1