The involvement of orbitofrontal cerebrum in cognitive tasks

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Abstract

Although the frontal lobes are frequently associated with high-level cognitive functions, patients with significant frontal damage often maintain normal “intelligence”. While recent research has clarified some aspects of this enigma, specific questions remain concerning the nature of the deficit in these patients and its relation to lesion localization within the frontal lobes. A group of psychiatric patients who had undergone prefrontal leucotomy 25 years earlier and whose frontal lesions were bilateral and maximal orbitofrontally were evaluated. Sixteen leucotomized schizophrenics, divided into three groups based upon recovery after psychosurgery, were compared to two control groups: (1) non-leucotomized chronic schizophrenics; (2) normal subjects. Four tests were administered: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Visual Metaphor test, and the Visual Verbal test of abstraction. The results suggest that orbitofrontal pathology does cause impaired performance on certain cognitive tests, which appeared independent of IQ measures.

Résumé

Bien que les lobes frontaux soient fréquemment associés aux fonctions cognitives de niveau élevé, les malades porteurs de lésions frontales importantes conservent souvent une “intelligence” normale. Mème si des travaux récents ont clarifié certains des aspects de cette éniame, des questions spécifiques concernant la nature du déficit de ces malades et ses relations avec la localisation lésionnelle dans les lobes frontaux demeurent sans réponse. Nous avons testé un groupe de malades psychiatriques qui avaient subi une leucotomie frontale vingt cing ans plus tôt, et dont les lésions étaient bilatérales et à prédominance orbitofrontale. Seize schizophrènes leucotomisés répartis en trois groupes sur la base de la récupération après psychochirurgie, ont été comparés à deux groupes de contrôle : 1. des schizophrènes chroniques non leucotomisés; 2. des sujets normaux. Quatre tests ont été utilisés: l'échelle d'intelligence du Wechsler pour adultes, le test d'appariement de cartes Wisconsin, le test de métaphores visuelles, et le test d'abstraction visuel-verbal. Les résultats suggèrent que la pathologie orbitofrontale atteint les performances dans certains tests cognitifs, en apparence indépendamment des mesures du Q.I.

Zusammenfassung

Obwohl den Frontallappen häufig kognitive Funktionen auf höherem Niveau zugeschrieben werden, findet man bei Patienten mit stärkerer Stirnhirnschädigung häufig die “formale Intelligenz” normal. Die jüngere Forschung hat einige Aspekte dieses Widerspruchs geklärt, dennoch bleiben spezifische Fragen über die Art der Leistungsmängel bei diesen Patienten und ihre Beziehung zur Lokalisation der Schädigung im Frontallappen offen. Eine Gruppe von psychiatrischen Patienten, die vor 25 Jahren eine präfrontale bilaterale Leukotomie mit Maximum orbito-frontal erhalten hatten, wurde untersucht. 16 Schizophrene nach Leukotomie wurden in 3 Gruppen unterteilt, auf der Grundlage ihrer Erholung nach dem psycho-chirurgischen Eingriff. Sie wurden mit 2 Kontrollgruppen verglichen: 1) nicht leukotomierte chronische Schizophrene und Q) gesunde Versuchspersonen. Sie erhielten 4 Tests: den WAIS, den Wisconsin Karten-Sortier-Test, einen visuellen Test über das Verständnis von Metaphern und einen visuo-verbalen Test für abstraktes Denken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß orbito-frontale Läsionen bestimmte kognitive Testleistungen beeinflussen, unabhängig vom Intelligenzquotient.

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    Supported in part by Grant No. NS06209 from the National Institute of Health to Boston University School of Medicine, the Research Service of the Veterans Administration, University of Ottawa Faculty of Social Sciences grant, the National Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Mental Health Foundation, and the Augustus S. Rose Endowment Fund. The assistance of C. Della Malva is gratefully acknowledged. Drs H. Gardner and T. Picton are thanked for their helpful comments on an early draft. Data was presented in part at the NATO Advanced Studies Institute on Neuropsychology and Cognition, Augusta, Georgia, 1980 (proceedings published), and at the International Neuropsychology Society Convention, Atlanta, Georgia, 1981.

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